في عام 2018، قدّر المعهد الوطني للسرطان أنه عدد الأشخاص الذين تم تشخيصهم بالسرطان وصل إلى 1735350 شخصاً في الولايات المتحدة وحدها وأن 609640 حالة وفاة نجمت عن هذه الحالة. بمجرد تشخيص الإصابة بالسرطان، يلجأ الكثير من الناس إلى العلاجات التكميلية والبديلة بحثاً عن علاج، ولكن حذر بحث جديد من أن مثل هذه الممارسات يمكن أن تؤثر على الشفاء وسير العلاج. ثلث المرضى يستخدمون الأدوية البديلة وعبر الباحثون عن قلقهم من أن الأشخاص الذين يستخدمون علاجات بديلة- مثل اليوغا، والتأمل، والإبر الصينية، والأعشاب، والمكملات الغذائية- لا يبلغون أطباءهم بذلك. في ضوء هذه المخاوف، قامت الدكتورة سانفورد والفريق بتحليل البيانات من مسح وطني تم إجؤراؤه من قبل مراكز السيطرة على الأمراض والوقاية منها. أجرى الباحثون دراسة مقطعية في محاولة لتقدير نسبة المصابين بالسرطان الذين يستخدمون علاجات تكميلية. وكشف التحليل أن ثلث الأشخاص الذين يتم تشخيصهم بالسرطان يتناولون أدوية تكميلية وبديلة. وكانت الأعشاب المستخدمة في العلاج البديل الأكثر استخداماً من قبل المرضى. كما كشف التحليل أن 29 في المئة من أولئك الذين يستخدمون العلاجات التكميلية لا يخبرون أطباءهم عن ذلك. من بين الأسباب التي أعطاها المشاركون هي أنه لم يتم سؤالهم من قبل أطبائهم عن استخدامهم لأي علاجات أخرى أو اعتقادهم أنه لا ضرورة لإخبار أطبائهم عن ذلك. العلاجات البديلة قد تكون ضارة أشار…

وصف مصممو التقنية الجديدة مؤخراً في الاجتماع والمعرض الوطني لربيع 2019 للجمعية الكيميائية الأمريكية في أورلاندو، فلوريدا، حيث تقترح هذه الطريقة وسيلة مبتكرة لإعادة تشكيل الغضاريف والأنسجة الأخرى التي تحتوي على الكولاجين بسهولة- ودون تندب. يوضح الفريق البحثي – من كلية أوكسيدنتال في لوس أنجلوس، كاليفورنيا، وجامعة كاليفورنيا في إيرفين- أن الكثير من العمليات الجراحية الترميمية، في الوقت الحالي، مثل التدخلات لإعادة تشكيل الأنف أو الأذنين، قد تكون جراحات صحبة وقد تؤدي إلى تندب. تتضمن هذه الإجراءات قطع الأنسجة الحية، ونحت الغضاريف، وخياطة الجلد، والتندب المحتمل بعد التدخل، بالإضافة إلى فترة نقاهة طويلة. ومع ذلك، فإن التقنية الجديدة سوف تلغي كل هذه الإزعاجات الموجودة في العمليات التجميلية والترميمية التقليدية. يقول أحد المطورين الرئيسيين للتقنية، د. مايكل هيل : “إننا نتصور هذه التقنية الجديدة كإجراء منخفض التكلفة يتم إجراؤه تحت التخدير الموضعي في العيادة”، ويضيف: “العملية كلها ستستغرق أكثر من 5 دقائق.” التقنية الجديدة واستخداماتها المحتملة تحتوي الأذن وأجزاء من الأنف على الغضرو ، وهو نوع من الأنسجة التي تتكون من خيوط فضفاضة من ألياف الكولاجين التي تلتصق بها الجزيئات الكبيرة. إضافةً إلى ذلك، تحتوي الأنواع المختلفة من الغضاريف على بروتينات سالبة الشحنة وأيونات صوديوم موجبة الشحنة، والتي توجد بكثافات مختلفة، مما يحدد فيما إذا كان الغضروف أكثر صلابةً أو ليونة. من خلال تجارب مختلفة ، وجد…

يعاني الكثير من الناس من اضطرابات النوم في مرحلة ما من حياتهم، ويفيد عدد كبير منهم بأنهم يستخدمون المكملات الغذائية التي تساعد على النوم بشكل متكرر. ولذلك فإنه من غير المستغرب أن يتم طرح أسئلة كثيرة تتعلق بهذا النوع من المكلات الغذائية. على الرغم من توفر منتجات الأدوية الفعالة التي يتم صرفها بموجب وصفة طبية لعلاج الأرق، يواجه العديد من المرضى من عوائق تحول دون حصولهم عليها (على سبيل المثال، تكلفة زيارة طبيب خاص والحصول على وصفة طبية)، بالإضافة إلى الآثار الجانبية الخطيرة والغريبة في بعض الأحيان والتي ترتبط باستخدام هذه العقاقير الطبية. وبالتالي، يتحول الكثيرون إلى المكملات الغذائية التي تساعد على النوم والتي لا تحتاج إلى وصفة طبية. استعرضت الأكاديمية الأمريكية لمشاكل النوم بعضاً من المكملات الغذائية الأشهر التي تستخدم للمساعدة على النوم(الميلاتونين والتربتوفان، والفاليريان)، وقد أوصت في النهاية بمجموعة من إرشادات الممارسة السريرية التي تتعلق بهذا الخصوص. من المهم أن يتم إطلاع الأطباء السريريين على سلامة وفعالية المكملات الغذائية المساعدة على النوم هذه لتقديم المشورة المناسبة للمرضى. الميلاتونين فعالية الميلاتونين يُعتقد أن فعالية الميلاتونين، وهو أحد المكملات الغذائية الأشهر، في مساعدة المرضى على النوم بشكل أسرع وبدون مخاوف تتعلق بالسلامة. ولكن هل الأدلة السريرية المتاحة تدعم ذلك؟ أشارت معظم الأبحاث حتى الآن إلى وجود فعالية منخفضة أو معتدلة في أحسن الحالات للميلاتونين لعلاج الأرق. تشير تحليلات التجارب السريرية…

Antipruritic, antihistaminic, antiallergic Fenistil contains: Syrup: 100ml contain: Active principle: Dimethindene maleate (DCI) 0.01g; Excip. q.s. Drops: 100ml contain: Active principle: Dimethindene maleate (DCI) 0.1g; Conserv.: Excip. q.s. Coated tablets: 1 tablet contains: Active principle: Dimethindene maleate (DCI) 1mg; Excip. q.s. ad compr. obd. 1 capsule contains: Active principle: Dimethindene maleate (DCI) 4mg; Acidum glutamicum, Excip. Once daily What is Fenistil used for? Fenistil is a potent antipruritic antihistamine, characterized by the small size of its effective dose and its rapidity of action. Its effect sets in after 20 to 60 minutes and lasts several hours. Fenistil drops as well as Fenistil syrup is particularly indicated in paediatric practice. Fenistil is indicated as symptomatic treatment of allergic reactions: urticaria, allergies of the upper respiratory tract such as hey fever and perennial rhinitis, food and drug allergies; pruritus of various origins, except pruritus due to cholestasis; insect bites. Fenistil is also indicated for pruritus in eruptive skin diseases such as chicken-pox. Fenistil can be as an adjuvant in eczema and other pruriginous dermatoses of allergic origin. When must Fenistil not be used? When the patient is hypersensitive to the active substance. What precautions are required when using Fenistil? Observe the customary…

Michael J. Postelnick, BSPharm Senior Infectious Diseases Pharmacist, Clinical Coordinator, Department of Pharmacy, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois Determining whether a patient who reports being allergic to penicillin (PCN) can safely receive a PCN or other beta-lactam drug can be difficult. Dr. Lomaestro, in a previous article,[1] outlined the mechanisms associated with PCN reactions. Immediate reactions, which are immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated, are of the greatest concern, because they are more often life-threatening. Although careful history-taking will identify patients with clear recollection of serious reactions, vague or lack of recall of the type or severity of reaction does not rule out the possibility of anaphylaxis. PCN skin testing has the potential to identify patients at high risk for a severe reaction. Before using this method, however, it is important to be aware of associated caveats and limitations. The immunogenic components of PCN, which result from the opening of the PCN ring under physiologic conditions, have been well-defined. The major determinant is benzylpenicilloyl, whereas minor determinants are penicillin G (benzylpenicillin), penicilloate, and penilloate.[2] The major determinant, conjugated to a polylysine carrier molecule, is again available as a commercial product (Pre-Pen®).[3] Minor determinants other than PCN G are not commercially available. Some allergists, primarily…

(meloxicam) Tablets Mobic® (meloxicam) Oral Suspension WARNING RISK OF SERIOUS CARDIOVASCULAR and GASTROINTESTINAL EVENTS Cardiovascular Risk Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may cause an increased risk of serious cardiovascular (CV) thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. This risk may increase with duration of use. Patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be at greater risk [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. MOBIC is contraindicated for the treatment of peri-operative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery [see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Gastrointestinal Risk NSAIDs cause an increased risk of serious gastrointestinal (GI) adverse reactions including bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach or intestines, which can be fatal. These events can occur at any time during use and without warning symptoms. Elderly patients are at greater risk for serious gastrointestinal events [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. DRUG DESCRIPTION What are the possible side effects of meloxicam (Mobic)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop taking meloxicam and seek medical attention or call your doctor at once if you have any of…

Top of Form DRUG DESCRIPTION What are the possible side effects of spironolactone (Aldactone)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop using this medication and call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects: ·numbness or tingly feeling; ·muscle pain or weakness; ·slow, fast, or uneven heartbeat; ·feeling drowsy, restless, or light-headed; ·urinating less than usual or not at all; … Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Aldactone » Aldactone oral tablets contain 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg of the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone, 17-hydroxy-7α-mercapto-3-oxo-17α-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid γ-lactone acetate, which has the following structural formula:   Spironolactone is practically insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, and freely soluble in benzene and in chloroform. Inactive ingredients include calcium sulfate, corn starch, flavor, hypromellose, iron oxide, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, povidone, and titanium dioxide. Last reviewed on RxList: 8/19/2009 Aldactone Indications & Dosage   INDICATIONS Aldactone (spironolactone) is indicated in the management of: Primary hyperaldosteronism for: Establishing the diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism by therapeutic trial. Short-term preoperative treatment of patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. Long-term…

DRUG DESCRIPTION What are the possible side effects of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine (Adderall, Adderall XR)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop using amphetamine and dextroamphetamine and call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects: fast, pounding, or uneven heartbeats; feeling light-headed, fainting; increased blood pressure (severe headache, blurred vision, trouble concentrating,… Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Adderall » A single-entity amphetamine product combining the neutral sulfate salts of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, with the dextro isomer of amphetamine saccharate and d, l-amphetamine aspartate monohydrate. EACH TABLET CONTAINS: 5 mg 7.5 mg 10 mg 12.5 mg 15 mg 20 mg 30 mg Dextroamphetamine Saccharate 1.25 mg 1.875 mg 2.5 mg 3.125 mg 3.75 mg 5 mg 7.5 mg Amphetamine Aspartate Monohydrate 1.25 mg 1.875 mg 2.5 mg 3.125 mg 3.75 mg 5 mg 7.5 mg Dextroamphetamine Sulfate USP 1.25 mg 1.875 mg 2.5 mg 3.125 mg 3.75 mg 5 mg 7.5 mg Amphetamine Sulfate USP 1.25 mg 1.875 mg 2.5 mg 3.125 mg 3.75 mg 5 mg 7.5 mg Total amphetamine…

(bimatoprost) Ophthalmic Solution 0.03% DRUG DESCRIPTION What are the possible side effects of bimatoprost ophthalmic (Lumigan)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop using bimatoprost ophthalmic and call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects: redness, swelling, itching, or pain in or around your eye; oozing or discharge from your eye; increased sensitivity to light; vision changes. Less serious side… Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Lumigan » LUMIGAN® (bimatoprost ophthalmic solution) 0.03% is a synthetic prostamide analog with ocular hypotensive activity. Its chemical name is (Z)-7- [(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[1E,3S)-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1-pentenyl]cyclopentyl]-5-N-ethylheptenamide, and its molecular weight is 415.58. Its molecular formula is C35H27NO4 . Its chemical structure is: Bimatoprost is a powder, which is very soluble in ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol and slightly soluble in water. LUMIGAN® is a clear, isotonic, colorless, sterile ophthalmic solution with an osmolality of approximately 290 mOsmol/kg. Contains: Active: bimatoprost 0.3 mg/mL; Preservative: Benzalkonium chloride 0.05 mg/mL; Inactives: Sodium chloride; sodium phosphate, dibasic; citric acid; and purified water. Sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid may be added to adjust pH….

  ® (pioglitazone hydrochloride) Tablets   DRUG DESCRIPTION   What are the possible side effects of pioglitazone (Actos)?   Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.   Stop using pioglitazone and call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:   feeling short of breath, even with mild exertion;   swelling or rapid weight gain;   chest pain, general ill feeling;   nausea, stomach pain, low fever, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools,…   Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Actos »   ACTOS (pioglitazone hydrochloride) is an oral antidiabetic agent that acts primarily by decreasing insulin resistance. ACTOS is used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM] or adult-onset diabetes). Pharmacological studies indicate that ACTOS improves sensitivity to insulin in muscle and adipose tissue and inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis. ACTOS improves glycemic control while reducing circulating insulin levels. Pioglitazone [(±)-5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-] thiazolidinedione monohydrochloride belongs to a different chemical class and has a different pharmacological action than the sulfonylureas, metformin, or the α-glucosidase inhibitors. The molecule…

     ADDERALL® (amphetamine aspartate; amphetamine sulfate; dextroamphetamine saccharate; dextroamphetamine sulfate) AMPHETAMINES HAVE A HIGH POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE. ADMINISTRATION OF AMPHETAMINES FOR PROLONGED PERIODS OF TIME MAY LEAD TO DRUG DEPENDENCE AND MUST BE AVOIDED. PARTICULAR ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO THE POSSIBILITY OF SUBJECTS OBTAINING AMPHETAMINES FOR NON-THERAPEUTIC USE OR DISTRIBUTION TO OTHERS, AND THE DRUGS SHOULD BE PRESCRIBED OR DISPENSED SPARINGLY. MISUSE OF AMPHETAMINE MAY CAUSE SUDDEN DEATH AND SERIOUS CARDIOVASCULAR ADVERSE EVENTS. DRUG DESCRIPTION What are the possible side effects of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine (Adderall, Adderall XR)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop using amphetamine and dextroamphetamine and call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects: fast, pounding, or uneven heartbeats; feeling light-headed, fainting; increased blood pressure (severe headache, blurred vision, trouble concentrating,… Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Adderall » A single-entity amphetamine product combining the neutral sulfate salts of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, with the dextro isomer of amphetamine saccharate and d, l-amphetamine aspartate monohydrate. EACH TABLET CONTAINS: 5 mg 7.5 mg 10 mg 12.5 mg…

(methylprednisolone) Tablets, USP DRUG DESCRIPTION What are the possible side effects of methylprednisolone (Medrol, Medrol Dosepak, MethylPREDNISolone Dose Pack)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects: problems with your vision; swelling, rapid weight gain, feeling short of breath; severe depression, unusual thoughts or behavior, seizure (convulsions); bloody or tarry stools,… Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Medrol » MEDROL Tablets contain methylprednisolone which is a glucocorticoid. Glucocorticoids are adrenocortical steroids, both naturally occurring and synthetic, which are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Methylprednisolone occurs as a white to practically white, odorless, crystalline powder. It is sparingly soluble in alcohol, in dioxane, and in methanol, slightly soluble in acetone, and in chloroform, and very slightly soluble in ether. It is practically insoluble in water. The chemical name for methylprednisolone is pregna – 1,4 – diene – 3,20-dione, 11, 17, 21-trihydroxy-6-methyl-, (6α, 11β)-and the molecular weight is 374.48. The structural for-mula is represented below:   Each MEDROL Tablet for oral administration contains 2 mg, 4…

(methylprednisolone) Tablets, USP DRUG DESCRIPTION What are the possible side effects of methylprednisolone (Medrol, Medrol Dosepak, MethylPREDNISolone Dose Pack)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects: problems with your vision; swelling, rapid weight gain, feeling short of breath; severe depression, unusual thoughts or behavior, seizure (convulsions); bloody or tarry stools,… Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Medrol » MEDROL Tablets contain methylprednisolone which is a glucocorticoid. Glucocorticoids are adrenocortical steroids, both naturally occurring and synthetic, which are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Methylprednisolone occurs as a white to practically white, odorless, crystalline powder. It is sparingly soluble in alcohol, in dioxane, and in methanol, slightly soluble in acetone, and in chloroform, and very slightly soluble in ether. It is practically insoluble in water. The chemical name for methylprednisolone is pregna – 1,4 – diene – 3,20-dione, 11, 17, 21-trihydroxy-6-methyl-, (6α, 11β)-and the molecular weight is 374.48. The structural for-mula is represented below:   Each MEDROL Tablet for oral administration contains 2 mg, 4…

  (nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals) Capsules To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Macrobid and other antibacterial drugs, Macrobid should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. DRUG DESCRIPTION What are the possible side effects of nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects: diarrhea that is watery or bloody; shortness of breath, running out of breath easily; fever, chills, cough, chest pain; nausea, stomach pain, low fever, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored… Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Macrobid » Nitrofurantoin is an antibacterial agent specific for urinary tract infections. The Macrobid® brand of nitrofurantoin is a hard gelatin capsule shell containing the equivalent of 100 mg of nitrofurantoin in the form of 25 mg of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals and 75 mg of nitrofurantoin monohydrate. The chemical name of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals is 1-[[[5-nitro-2-furanyl]methylene]amino]-2,4-imidazolidinedione. The chemical structure is the following:   Molecular Weight: 238.16 The chemical…

What are the possible side effects of quinapril (Accupril)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; severe stomach pain; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects: feeling light-headed, fainting; urinating more or less than usual, or not at all; fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms; pale skin, easy bruising or bleeding; severe blistering, peeling, and red… Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Accupril » ACCUPRIL® (quinapril hydrochloride) is the hydrochloride salt of quinapril, the ethyl ester of a non-sulfhydryl, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, quinapril. Quinapril hydrochloride is chemically described as [3S-[2[R*(R*)], 3R*]]-2-[2-[[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl]amino]-1-oxopropyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarboxylic acid, monohydrochloride. Its empirical formula is C25H30N2O5 •HCl and its structural formula is: Quinapril hydrochloride is a white to off-white amorphous powder that is freely soluble in aqueous solvents. ACCUPRIL tablets contain 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, or 40 mg of quinapril for oral administration. Each tablet also contains candelilla wax, crospovidone, gelatin, lactose, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, synthetic red iron oxide, and titanium dioxide. Last reviewed on RxList: 10/9/2009 Accupril Indications & Dosage INDICATIONS Hypertension ACCUPRIL is…

(leuprolide acetate) Injection DRUG DESCRIPTION What are the possible side effects of leuprolide (Eligard, Lupron, Lupron Depot, Lupron Depot-Gyn, Lupron Depot-Ped)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as: bone pain; swelling, rapid weight gain; pain, burning, stinging, bruising, or redness where the medication was injected; feeling like you might pass out; painful… Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Lupron » Leuprolide acetate is a synthetic nonapeptide analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH or LH-RH). The analog possesses greater potency than the natural hormone. The chemical name is 5- oxo -L-prolyl-L-histidyl-L-tryptophyl-L-seryl-L-tyrosyl-D-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-N-ethyl-L-prolinamide acetate (salt) with the following structural formula:   LUPRON INJECTION is a sterile, aqueous solution intended for daily subcutaneous injection. It is available in a 2.8 mL multiple dose vial containing leuprolide acetate (5 mg/mL), sodium chloride, USP (6.3 mg/mL) for tonicity adjustment, benzyl alcohol, NF as a preservative (9 mg/mL), and water for injection, USP. The pH may have been adjusted with sodium hydroxide, NF and/or acetic acid, NF. Last reviewed…

Active Ingredients: Sodium alginate 1000mg and Potassium bicarbonate 200mg per 10ml dose. Also contains methyl and propyl hydroxybenzoates. Indications: Gaviscon Advance Aniseed Suspension Treatment of symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux such as acid regurgitation, heartburn, indigestion occurring due to the reflux of stomach contents, for instance, after gastric surgery, as a result of hiatus hernia, during pregnancy, accompanying reflux oesophagitis, including symptoms of laryngopharyngeal reflux such as hoarseness and other voice disorders, sore throats and cough. Can also be used to treat the symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux during concomitant treatment with or following withdrawal of acid suppressing therapy. Gaviscon Advance Peppermint Flavour Treatment of symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux such as acid regurgitation, heartburn and indigestion (related to reflux), for example, following meals, or during pregnancy, or in patients with symptoms related to reflux oesophagitis.

Symbicort ® http://hcp.symbicort.com For the first time, adults aged 18 years and older, suffering from asthma are able to control and relieve their symptoms using a single inhaler. Symbicort, (budesonide/formoterol) Maintenance And Reliever Therapy. Symbicort SMART studies demonstrated that patients using this new approach took no extra inhaled steroids and needed less oral steroids compared to other traditional asthma treatment approaches.(complete resources click here) Symbicort® (budesonide/formoterol) is a combination formulation containing Pulmicort® (budesonide), an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid, and Oxis® (formoterol), a rapid-acting and long-lasting bronchodilator. Symbicort is delivered as an inhalation powder via a single inhaler, the Symbicort Turbuhaler®, in one of two doses: 80/4.5 mcg/inhalation or 160/4.5 mcg/inhalation. Asthma Symbicort is indicated in the regular treatment of asthma, where use of a combination (inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta2-agonist) is appropriate: – patients not adequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroids and `as needed’ inhaled short-acting beta2-agonists or – patients already adequately controlled on both inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists COPD Symptomatic treatment of patients with severe COPD (FEV1 <50% predicted normal) and a history of repeated exacerbations, who have significant symptoms despite regular therapy with long-acting bronchodilators Mode of Action Symbicort contains formoterol and budesonide, which have different modes of action and…

History The work which eventually led to the discovery of fluoxetine began at Eli Lilly in 1970 as a collaboration between Bryan Molloy and Robert Rathbun. It was known at that time that the antihistamine diphenhydramine shows some antidepressant-like properties. 3-Phenoxy-3-phenylpropylamine, a compound structurally similar to diphenhydramine, was taken as a starting point, and Molloy synthesized dozens of its derivatives. Testing the physiological effects of these compounds in mice resulted in nisoxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor currently widely used in biochemical experiments. Indications Fluoxetine has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of major depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa and panic disorder.[11] Fluoxetine was shown to be effective for depression in 6-week long double-blind controlled trials where it also alleviated anxiety and improved sleep. Fluoxetine was better than placebo for the prevention of depression recurrence when the patients, who originally responded to fluoxetine, were treated for a further 38 weeks. Efficacy of fluoxetine for geriatric as well as pediatric depression was also demonstrated in placebo-controlled trials.[11] Pharmacokinetics 3 dimensional representation of the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6. CYP2D6 is responsible for converting fluoxetine to its only active metabolite, norfluoxetine.[17] Both drugs are also potent inhibitors of CYP2D6.[18] The…

Bevacizumab Indications Avastin is a vascular endothelial growth factor-specific angiogenesis inhibitor indicated for the treatment of: – Metastatic colorectal cancer, with intravenous 5-fluorouracil–based chemotherapy for first- or second-line treatment. – Non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer, with carboplatin and paclitaxel for first line treatment of unresectable, locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic disease. – Metastatic breast cancer, with paclitaxel for treatment of patients who have not received chemotherapy for metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer. Effectiveness based on improvement in progression-free survival. No data available demonstrating improvement in disease-related symptoms or survival with Avastin. – Not indicated for disease progression following anthracycline and taxane chemotherapy administered for metastatic disease. – Glioblastoma, as a single agent for patients with progressive disease following prior therapy. – Effectiveness based on improvement in objective response rate. No data available demonstrating improvement in disease-related symptoms or survival with Avastin. – Metastatic renal cell carcinoma with interferon alfa BOXED Warnings and Additional Important Safety Information People receiving Avastin may experience side effects. In clinical trials, some people treated with Avastin experienced serious and sometimes fatal side effects, including: Gastrointestinal (GI) perforation: Treatment with Avastin can result in the development of a potentially serious side effect called GI perforation, which is…

Novo Nordisk Insulin aspart (marketed by Novo Nordisk as “NovoLog/NovoRapid”) is a fast acting insulin analogue. It was created through recombinant DNAproline, is substituted with an aspartic acid residue. This analogue has increased charge repulsion, which prevents the formation of hexamers, to create a faster acting insulin. The sequence was inserted into the yeast genome, and the yeast expressed the insulin analogue, which was then harvested from a bioreactor. The components of insulin aspart are as follows: Metal ion – zinc (19.6 ug/mL) Buffer – disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (1.25 mg/mL) Preservative – m-cresol (1.72 mg/mL) and phenol (1.50 mg/mL) Isotonicity agent – glycerin (16 mg/mL) and sodium chloride (0.58 mg/mL). The pH of insulin aspart is 7.2-7.6. According to JDRF, insulin aspart was approved for marketing in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration in June 2000. Can be used in CSII pumps and Flexpen, Novopen delivery devices for subcutaneous injection. Additionally, it can be used with an injection port such as the I-port. The onset of action is approximately 15 minutes, the peak action is reached in 45-90 minutes, and the duration is 3-5 hours. However, it should be noted that as with all insulin, these…

Click here to add comment Zithromax is one of the world’s best-selling antibiotics,[1] and is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered. Azithromycin is used to treat or prevent certain bacterial infections, most often those causing middle ear infections, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, Typhoid, and sinusitis. In recent years it has primarily been used to prevent bacterial infections in infants and those with weaker immune systems. It is also effective against certain urinary tract infections and venereal diseases, such as non-gonococcal urethritis, chlamydia, gonorrhea and cervicitis. Recent studies have also indicated it to be effective against late-onset asthma, but these findings are controversial and not widely accepted.[ History A team of researchers at the Croatian pharmaceutical company Pliva, Gabrijela Kobrehel, Gorjana Radobolja-Lazarevski and Zrinka TamburaÅ¡ev led by Dr. Slobodan Đokić, discovered azithromycin in 1980. It was patented in 1981, and was later found by Pfizer’s scientists while going through patent documents. In 1986 Pliva and Pfizer signed a licensing agreement which gave Pfizer exclusive rights for the sale of azithromycin in Western Europe and the United States. Pliva…

Bristol-myers squibb INDICATIONS: COUMADIN® (Warfarin Sodium) is indicated: o        For the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, and pulmonary embolism. o        For the prophylaxis and/or treatment of the thromboembolic complications associated with atrial fibrillation and/or cardiac valve replacement. o        To reduce the risk of death, recurrent myocardial infarction, and thromboembolic events such as stroke or systemic embolization after myocardial infarction. IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION: WARNING: BLEEDING RISK Warfarin sodium can cause major or fatal bleeding. Bleeding is more likely to occur during the starting period and with a higher dose (resulting in a higher INR). Risk factors for bleeding include high intensity of anticoagulation (INR>4.0), age ≥65, highly variable INRs, history of gastrointestinal bleeding, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, serious heart disease, anemia, malignancy, trauma, renal insufficiency, concomitant drugs (see PRECAUTIONS), and long duration of warfarin therapy. Regular monitoring of INR should be performed on all treated patients. Those at high risk of bleeding may benefit from more frequent INR monitoring, careful dose adjustment to desired INR, and a shorter duration of therapy. Patients should be instructed about prevention measures to minimize risk of bleeding and to report immediately to physicians signs and symptoms of bleeding (see PRECAUTIONS: Information for…

Servier Indapamide is a non-thiazide sulphonamide diuretic drug marketed by Servier, generally used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated cardiac failure. The US trade name for indapamide is Lozol.[1] Indapamide is marketed as Natrilix outside of the US . Combination preparations with perindopril (an ACE inhibitor antihypertensive) are also available. It is described as a thiazide-like diuretic.[2] Form and composition Indapamide is available generically as 1.25 mg and 2.5 mg non-scored tablets.[3] Indications Hypertension and edema due to congestive heart failure. Indapamide has been proven in the HYVET trial to reduce stroke and all cause mortality when given with or without perindopril to people over the age of 80 for the treatment of hypertension. Dosage and administration The adult dosage is 1.25 to 5 mg by mouth once daily usually in the morning. Contraindications Indapamide is contraindicated in known hypersensitivity to sulfonamides, severe renal failure, hepatic encephalopathy or severe hepatic failure and hypokalemia (low blood potassium levels). There is insufficient safety data to recommend indapamide use in pregnancy or breastfeeding. Interactions Caution is advised in the combination of indapamide with lithium and nonantiarrhythmic drugs causing wave burst arrhythmia (astemizole, bepridil, IV erythromycin, halofantrine, pentamidine, sultopride, terfenadine, vincamine)….

Grünenthal GmbH Click here to add coment Tramadol (Ultram, Tramal is a centrally-acting analgesic, used for treating moderate to moderately severe pain. Tramadol was developed by the German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH in the late 1970s.[1][2] Tramadol possesses agonist actions at the μ-opioid receptor and affects reuptake at the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Tramadol is a compound with mild and delayed μ-agonist activity. Tramadol is a synthetic stripped-down piperidine-analog of the phenantherane alkaloid CodeineOpioid and also a pro-drug (Codeine is metabolized to Morphine, Tramadol is converted to M-1 aka O-desmethyltramadol). Opioids are chemical compounds which act upon one or more of the human opiate receptors (the euphoria, addictive nature and respiratory depression are mainly caused by the Mu(μ) 1 and 2 receptor. The opioid agonistic effect of Tramadol and its major metabolite(s) are almost exclusively mediated by the substance’s action at the μ-receptor. This characteristic distinguishes Tramadol from many other substances (including Morphine) of the opioid drug class, which generally do not possess Tramadol’s degree of subtype selectivity. and, as such, is an Uses Tramadol is used similarly to Codeine, to treat moderate to moderately severe pain and most types of neuralgia, including trigeminal neuralgia.[6] Another popular use of Tramadol…

Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin marketed as Lovenox or Clexane. It is used to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and is given as a subcutaneous injection (by a health care provider or the patient). Its use is evolving in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Enoxaparin is manufactured by Sanofi-Aventis and is derived from the intestinal mucosa of pigs. Indications In the UK and Australia, enoxaparin is approved for six indications: The prophylaxis of thromboembolism disorders of venous origin, in particular those which may be associated with orthopaedic surgery. There is limited evidence supporting the use of enoxaparin in orthoapedic patients[1], although evidence is reasonable for colorectal patients[2] The prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in medical patients bedridden due to acute illness. The treatment of venous thromboembolism disease (VTED) presenting with deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE) or both. The treatment of unstable angina (UA) and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (NQMI), administered concurrently with aspirin. The prevention of thrombus formation in the extracorporeal circulation during haemodialysis. The prevention of thrombus formation during episodes of lone Atrial Fibrillation, administered concurrently with aspirin (in the absence of long term blood thinning treatment with warfarin). In the United States,…

Interferons (IFNs) are proteins made and released by the cells of most vertebrates in response to the presence of pathogens — such as viruses, bacteria, or parasitestumor cells. They allow communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors. IFNs belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines. Although they are named after their ability to “interfere” with viral replication within host cells, IFNs have other functions: they activate immune cells, such as natural killer cells and macrophages; they increase recognition of infection or tumor cells by up-regulating antigen presentation to T lymphocytes; and they increase the ability of uninfected host cells to resist new infection by virus. Certain host symptoms, such as aching muscles and fever, are related to the production of IFNs during infection. About ten distinct IFNs have been identified in mammals; seven of these have been described for humans. They are typically divided among three IFN classes: Type I IFN, Type II IFN, and Type III IFN. IFNs belonging to all IFN classes are very important for fighting viral infections. — or Types of interferon Based on the type of receptor through which they signal, human…

Wyeth antihemophilic factor antihemophilic factor (recombinant) (ant ee hee moe FIL ik FAK tor (ree KOM bin ant)) Brand Names: Advate rAHF-PFM, Helixate FS, Kogenate FS, Kogenate FS with Bioset, Recombinate, Refacto, Xyntha Xyntha is used for: Preventing and controlling bleeding in patients with hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency), including in surgical settings. Xyntha is a clotting factor. It works by increasing the amount of clotting factor VIII in the blood, which helps the blood to clot normally. Do NOT use Xyntha if: you are allergic to any ingredient in Xyntha Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if this applies to you. Before using Xyntha : Some medical conditions may interact with Xyntha . Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you: if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances, including polysorbate 80 and hamster proteins Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Xyntha . However, no specific interactions with Xyntha are known at this time. Ask your health care…

The term cancer vaccine refers to a vaccine that either prevents infections with cancer-causing viruses, treats existing cancer or prevents the development of cancer in certain high risk individuals. (The ones that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines.) Some cancers, such as cervical cancer and some liver cancers, are caused by viruses, and traditional vaccines against those viruses, such as HPV vaccine and Hepatitis B vaccine, will prevent those cancers. (These anti-viral vaccines are not further discussed in the rest of this article) Scientists have also been trying to develop vaccines against existing cancers. But there is no such vaccine that can cure a person having cancer. Some researchers believe that cancer cells routinely arise and are destroyed by the healthy immune system[1]; cancer forms when the immune system fails to destroy them[2]. One approach to cancer vaccination is to separate proteins from cancer cells and immunize cancer patients against those proteins, in the hope of stimulating an immune reaction that would kill the cancer cells. Therapeutic cancer vaccines are being developed for the treatment of breast, lung, colon, skin, kidney, prostate, and other cancers.[3]. In a phase III trial of follicular lymphoma (a type of non-Hodgkin’s…

Lamotrigine (pronounced /ləˈmɪktÉ™l/) by GlaxoSmithKline) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. For epilepsy it is used to treat partial seizures, primary and secondary tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Like many other anticonvulsant medications, Lamotrigine also seems to acts as an effective mood stabilizer, and in fact has been the only FDA approved drug for this purpose since lithium, a drug approved almost 30 years earlier. It is approved for the maintenance treatment of bipolar type I. Chemically unrelated to other anticonvulsants (due to Lamotrigine being a Phenyltriazine), lamotrigine has relatively few side-effects and does not require blood monitoring in monotherapy. The exact way lamotrigine works is unknown. Some think that it is a sodium channel blocker, though it is interesting to note that lamotrigine shares very few side-effects with other, unrelated anticonvulsants known to inhibit sodium channels, (e.g. Oxcarbazepine), which may suggest that lamotrigine has a different mechanism of action[citation needed]. The drug information provided at the time of prescription notes that “it is thought to work by restoring the balance of certain natural substances (neurotransmitters) in the brain.”[1] Lamotrigine is inactivated by hepatic glucuronidation. U.S. Food and Drug Administration…

Diltiazem Diltiazem is a non-DHP member of the group of drugs known as benzothiazepines, which are a class of calcium channel blockers, used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and some types of arrhythmia. It is also an effective preventive medication for migraine. It is a class 3 anti-anginal drug, and a class IV antiarrhythmic. It is a common adulterant of cocaine seized in the UK [1], despite reducing cocaine cravings in rats (see below). It incites very minimal reflex sympathetic changes. It is based upon a 1,4-thiazepine ring. Diltiazem is metabolized by and acts as an inhibitor of the CYP3A4 enzyme. Mechanism Diltiazem is a potent vasodilator, increasing blood flow and variably decreasing the heart rate via strong depression of A-V node conduction. Its pharmacological activity is somewhat similar to verapamil.[2] Potent vasodilator of coronary vessels. Vasodilator of peripheral vessels. This reduces peripheral resistance and afterload. Negative inotropic effect. Diltiazem causes a modest decrease in heart muscle contractility and reduces myocardium oxygen consumption. Negative chronotropic effect. Diltiazem causes a modest lowering of heart rate. This effect is due to slowing of the SA (sinoatrial) node. It results in reduced myocardium oxygen consumption. Negative dromotropic effect. By slowing conduction…

Allopurinol is a drug used primarily to treat hyperuricemia (excess uric acid in blood plasma) and its complications, including chronic gout.[1] Mechanism of action Allopurinol is a structural isomer of hypoxanthine (a naturally occurring purine in the body) and is an enzyme inhibitor, inhibiting xanthine oxidase.[1] Xanthine oxidase is responsible for the successive oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine resulting in the production of uric acid, the product of human purine metabolism.[1] In addition to blocking uric acid production, inhibition of xanthine oxidase causes an increase in hypoxanthine and xanthine, which are converted to closely related purine ribotidesadenosine and guanosine monophosphates. Increased levels of these ribotides causes feedback inhibition of amidophosphoribosyl transferase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of purine biosynthesis. Allopurinol therefore decreases both uric acid formation and purine synthesis. Uses The primary use of allopurinol is to treat hyperuricemia (excess uric acid in blood plasma) and its complications. Allopurinol does not alleviate acute attacks of gout, but is useful in chronic gout to prevent future attacks. Similarly, allopurinol commonly is used as prophylaxis with chemotherapeutic treatments, which can rapidly produce severe hyperuricemia. Other established indications for allopurinol therapy include ischemic reperfusion injury, kidney stones with a uric acid component (uric…

Noradrenaline (BAN) (abbreviated NA or NAd) or norepinephrine (INN) (abbreviated norepi or NE) is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter.[2] As a stress hormone, norepinephrine affects parts of the brain where attention and responding actions are controlled. Along with epinephrine, norepinephrine also underlies the fight-or-flight response, directly increasing heart rate, triggering the release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle. Norepinephrine also has a neurotransmitter role when released diffusely in the brain as an antiinflammatory agent.[3] When norepinephrine acts as a drug it increases blood pressure by increasing vascular tone through α-adrenergic receptor activation. The resulting increase in vascular resistance triggers a compensatory reflex that overcomes its direct stimulatory effects on the heart, called the baroreceptor reflex, which results in a drop in heart rate called reflex bradycardia. Norepinephrine is synthesized from dopamine by dopamine β-hydroxylase.[4] It is released from the adrenal medulla into the blood as a hormone, and is also a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and sympathetic nervous system where it is released from noradrenergic neurons. The actions of norepinephrine are carried out via the binding to adrenergic receptors. Etymology The term “norepinephrine” is derived…

Dydrogesterone is a progestogen hormone. The brand name is Duphaston and manufactured by Solvay Pharmaceuticals. Dydrogesterone was first introduced to the market in 1961, and is currently approved in over 100 countries worldwide. It has an estimated cumulative exposure of more than 28 million patients. Dydrogesterone is a potent, orally active progestogen indicated in a wide variety of gynaecological conditions. Although similar in molecular structure and pharmacological effects to endogenous progesterone. It is orally active at far lower doses. Its freedom from oestrogenic, androgenic, anabolic, corticoid and other undesirable hormonal effects gives it additional benefits over most other synthetic progestogens. The therapeutic use of dydrogesterone is closely related to its physiological action on the neuro-endocrine control of ovarian function, as well as on the endometrium. As such, it is indicated in all cases of relative or absolute endogeneous progesterone deficiency. Dydrogesterone has proven effective in the following conditions: menstrual disorders infertility threatened and habitual abortion endometriosis premenstrual syndrome Dydrogesterone has also been registered as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to counteract the negative effects of unopposed oestrogen on the endometrium. Dydrogesterone is safe and well-tolerated. The incidence of side-effects is remarkably low. Indications Dydrogesterone In Menstrual Disorders Dysmenorrhoea Primary or essential…