Mirena

 

(levonorgestrel-releasing) Intrauterine System

DRUG DESCRIPTION

What are the possible side effects of levonorgestrel intrauterine system (Mirena)?

Get emergency medical help if you have severe pain in your lower stomach or side. This could be a sign of a tubal pregnancy (a pregnancy that implants in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus). A tubal pregnancy is a medical emergency.

The levonorgestrel intrauterine device may become embedded into the wall of the uterus, or may perforate (form a hole) in the uterus. If this occurs, the device may no longer prevent pregnancy, or it may move outside the uterus and cause…

Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Mirena »

Mirena is intended to provide an initial release rate of 20 mcg/day of levonorgestrel

Levonorgestrel USP, (-)-13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, the active ingredient in Mirena, has a molecular weight of 312.4, a molecular formula of C21H28O2, and the following structural formula:

Mirena

Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) consists of a T-shaped polyethylene frame (T-body) with a steroid reservoir (hormone elastomer core) around the vertical stem. The reservoir consists of a white or almost white cylinder, made of a mixture of levonorgestrel and silicone (polydimethylsiloxane), containing a total of 52 mg levonorgestrel. The reservoir is covered by a semi-opaque silicone (polydimethylsiloxane) membrane. The T-body is 32 mm in both the horizontal and vertical directions. The polyethylene of the T-body is compounded with barium sulfate, which makes it radiopaque. A monofilament brown polyethylene removal thread is attached to a loop at the end of the vertical stem of the T-body.

Schematic drawing of Mirena

Inserter

Mirena is packaged sterile within an inserter. The inserter, which is used for insertion of Mirena into the uterine cavity, consists of a symmetric two-sided body and slider that are integrated with flange, lock, pre-bent insertion tube and plunger. Once Mirena is in place, the inserter is discarded.

Diagram of Inserter

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

Mirena Indications & Dosage

 

INDICATIONS

Mirena is indicated for intrauterine contraception for up to 5 years.

Mirena is also indicated for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding in women who choose to use intrauterine contraception as their method of contraception.

Mirena is recommended for women who have had at least one child.

The system should be replaced after 5 years if continued use is desired.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Mirena contains 52 mg of levonorgestrel. Initially, levonorgestrel is released at a rate of approximately 20 mcg/day. This rate decreases progressively to half that value after 5 years.

Mirena is packaged sterile within an inserter. Information regarding insertion instructions, patient counseling and record keeping, patient follow-up, removal of Mirena and continuation of contraception after removal is provided below.

Insertion Instructions

NOTE: Mirena should be inserted by a trained healthcare provider. Healthcare providers are advised to become thoroughly familiar with the insertion instructions before attempting insertion of Mirena.

Mirena is inserted with the provided inserter (Figure 1a) into the uterine cavity within seven days of the onset of menstruation or immediately after a first trimester abortion by carefully following the insertion instructions. It can be replaced by a new Mirena at any time during the menstrual cycle.

Figure 1a : Mirena and inserter

Preparation for insertion

Ensure that the patient understands the contents of the Patient Information Booklet and obtain consent. A consent form that includes the lot number is on the last page of the Patient Information Booklet.

Confirm that there are no contraindications to the use of Mirena.

Perform a urine pregnancy test, if indicated.

With the patient comfortably in lithotomy position, gently insert a speculum to visualize the cervix and rule out genital contraindications to the use of Mirena.

Do a bimanual exam to establish the size and position of the uterus, to detect other genital contraindications, and to exclude pregnancy.

Thoroughly cleanse the cervix and vagina with a suitable antiseptic solution. Perform a paracervical block, if needed.

Prepare to sound the uterine cavity. Grasp the upper lip of the cervix with a tenaculum forceps and apply gentle traction to align the cervical canal with the uterine cavity. If the uterus is retroverted, it may be more appropriate to grasp the lower lip of the cervix. Note that the tenaculum forceps should remain in position throughout the insertion procedure to maintain gentle traction on the cervix.

Gently insert a uterine sound to check the patency of the cervix, measure the depth of the uterine cavity, confirm its direction and exclude the presence of any uterine anomaly. If you encounter cervical stenosis, use dilatation, not force, to overcome resistance.

The uterus should sound to a depth of 6 to 10 cm. Insertion of Mirena into a uterine cavity less than 6 cm by sounding may increase the incidence of expulsion, bleeding, pain, perforation, and possibly pregnancy.

After ascertaining that the patient is appropriate for Mirena, open the carton containing Mirena.

Insertion Procedure

Ensure use of sterile technique throughout the entire procedure.

Step 1–Opening of the sterile package

Open the sterile package completely (Figure 1b).

Place sterile gloves on your hands.

Pick up the handle of the inserter containing Mirena and carefully release the threads so that they hang freely.
Place your thumb or forefinger on the slider. Make sure that the slider is in the furthest position away from you, for example, at the top of the handle towards the insertion tube (Figure 1b).
NOTE: Keep your thumb or forefinger on the slider until insertion is complete.

With the centimeter scale of the insertion tube facing up, check that the arms of Mirena are in a horizontal position. If they are not, align them on a flat, sterile surface, for example, the sterile package (Figures 1b and 1c).

Figure 1b: Aligning the arms with the slider in the furthest position

Figure 1c : Checking that the arms are horizontal and aligned with respect to the scale

Step 2–Load Mirena into the insertion tube

Holding the slider in the furthest position, pull on both threads to load Mirena into the insertion tube (Figure 2a).

Note that the knobs at the ends of the arms now meet to close the open end of the insertion tube (Figure 2b).

If the knobs do not meet properly

If the knobs do not meet properly, release the arms by pulling the slider back to the mark (raised horizontal line on the handle) (Figure 6a). Re-load Mirena by aligning the open arms on a sterile surface (Figure 1b). Return the slider to its furthermost position and pull on both threads. Check for proper loading (Figure 2b).

Figure 2a : Loading Mirena into the insertion tube

Figure 2b : Properly loaded Mirena with knobs closing the end of the insertion tube

Step 3–Secure the threads

Secure the threads in the cleft at the bottom end of the handle to keep Mirena in the loaded position (Figure 3).

Figure 3 : Threads are secured in the cleft

Step 4–Setting the flange

Set the upper edge of the flange to the depth measured during the uterine sounding (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Setting the flange to the uterine depth

Step 5–Mirena is now ready to be inserted

Continue to hold the slider with the thumb or forefinger firmly in the furthermost position. Grasp the tenaculum forceps with your other hand and apply gentle traction to align the cervical canal with the uterine cavity.

While maintaining traction on the cervix, gently advance the insertion tube through the cervical canal and into the uterine cavity until the flange is 1.5 to 2 cm from the external cervical os.

CAUTION: do not advance flange to the cervix at this step. Maintaining the flange 1.5 to 2 cm from the cervical os allows sufficient space for the arms to open (when released) within the uterine cavity (Figures 5 and 6b).

NOTE! Do not force the inserter. If necessary, dilate the cervical canal.

Figure 5. Advancing insertion tube until flange is 1.5 to 2 cm from cervical os

Step 6–Release the arms

While holding the inserter steady, release the arms of Mirena by pulling the slider back until the top of the slider reaches the mark (raised horizontal line on the handle) (Figure 6a).

Wait approximately 10 seconds to allow the horizontal arms of Mirena to open and regain its T-shape (Figure 6b).

Figure 6a : Pulling the slider back to reach the mark

Figure 6b : Releasing the arms of Mirena

Step 7–Advance to fundal position

Gently advance the inserter into the uterine cavity until the flange meets the cervix and you feel fundal resistance. Mirena should now be in the desired fundal position (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Mirena in the fundal position

Step 8–Release Mirena and withdraw the inserter

While holding the inserter steady, pull the slider all the way down to release Mirena from the insertion tube (Figure 8). The threads will release automatically from the cleft.

Check that the threads are hanging freely and gently withdraw the inserter from the uterus. Be careful not to pull on the threads as this will displace Mirena.

Figure 8 : Releasing Mirena from the insertion tube

Step 9–Cut the threads

Cut the threads perpendicular to the thread length, for example, with sterile curved scissors, leaving about 3 cm visible outside the cervix (Figure 9).

NOTE: Cutting threads at an angle may leave sharp ends.

Figure 9. Cutting the threads

Mirena insertion is now complete.

Important information to consider during or after insertion

If you suspect that Mirena is not in the correct position, check placement (for example, with transvaginal ultrasound). Remove Mirena if it is not positioned completely within the uterus. A removed Mirena must not be reinserted.

If there is clinical concern and/or exceptional pain or bleeding during or after insertion, appropriate and timely measures and assessments, for example ultrasound, should be performed to exclude perforation.

Patient Counseling and Record Keeping

Keep a copy of the consent form and lot number for your records.

Counsel the patient on what to expect following Mirena insertion. Give the patient the Follow-up Reminder Card that is provided with the product. Discuss expected bleeding patterns during the first months of Mirena use. [See Patient Counseling.]

Prescribe analgesics, if indicated.

Patient Follow-up

Patients should be reexamined and evaluated 4 to 12 weeks after insertion and once a year thereafter, or more frequently if clinically indicated.

Removal of Mirena

Remove Mirena by applying gentle traction on the threads with forceps. The arms will fold upward as it is withdrawn from the uterus. Mirena should not remain in the uterus after 5 years.

Removal may be associated with some pain and/or bleeding or neurovascular episodes.

If the threads are not visible and Mirena is in the uterine cavity, it may be removed using a narrow forceps, such as an alligator forceps. This may require dilation of the cervical canal [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

After removal of Mirena, verify that the system is intact.

During difficult removals, the hormone cylinder may slide over and cover the horizontal arms. This situation generally does not require further intervention once the system is verified to be intact.

If Mirena is removed mid-cycle and the woman has had intercourse within the preceding week, she is at a risk of pregnancy unless a new Mirena is inserted immediately following removal.

Continuation of Contraception after Removal

You may insert a new Mirena immediately following removal.

If a patient with regular cycles wants to start a different birth control method, remove Mirena during the first 7 days of the menstrual cycle and start the new method.

If a patient with irregular cycles or amenorrhea wants to start a different birth control method, or if you remove Mirena after the seventh day of the menstrual cycle, start the new method at least 7 days before removal.

HOW SUPPLIED

Dosage Forms And Strengths

Mirena is a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system consisting of a T-shaped polyethylene frame with a steroid reservoir containing a total of 52 mg levonorgestrel.

Storage And Handling

Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system), containing a total of 52 mg levonorgestrel, is available in a carton of one sterile unit NDC# 50419-421-01. Each Mirena is packaged together with an inserter in a thermoformed blister package with a peelable lid.

Mirena is supplied sterile. Mirena is sterilized with ethylene oxide. Do not resterilize. For single use only. Do not use if the inner package is damaged or open. Insert before the end of the month shown on the label.

Store at 25°C (77°F); with excursions permitted between 15–30°C (59–86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

Manufactured for: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Wayne, NJ 07470. Manufactured in Finland, 1-866-647-3646. September 2009.

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

Mirena Side Effects & Drug Interactions

 

SIDE EFFECTS

The following most serious adverse reactions associated with the use of Mirena are discussed in greater detail in the Warnings and Precautions section (5):

Ectopic Pregnancy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Intrauterine Pregnancy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Group A streptococcal sepsis (GAS) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Embedment [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Perforation [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Breast Cancer [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Clinical Trial Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical studies of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

The data provided reflect the experience with the use of Mirena in the adequate and well-controlled studies for contraception (n=2,339) and heavy menstrual bleeding (n=80). For the contraception indication, Mirena was compared to a copper IUD (n=1,855), to another formulation of levonorgestrel intrauterine system (n=390) and to a combined oral contraceptive (n=94) in women 18 to 35 years old. The data cover more than 92,000 woman-months of exposure. For the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding indication (n=80), the subjects included women aged 26 to 50 with confirmed heavy bleeding and exposed for a median of 183 treatment days of Mirena (range 7 to 295 days). The frequencies of reported adverse drug reactions represent crude incidences.

The adverse reactions seen across the 2 indications overlapped, and are reported using the frequencies from the contraception studies.

The most common adverse reactions ( ≥ 5% users) are uterine/vaginal bleeding alterations (51.9%), amenorrhea (23.9%), intermenstrual bleeding and spotting (23.4%), abdominal/pelvic pain (12.8%), ovarian cysts (12%), headache/migraine (7.7%), acne (7.2%), depressed/altered mood (6.4%), menorrhagia (6.3%), breast tenderness/pain (4.9%), vaginal discharge (4.9%) and IUD expulsion (4.9%).

Other relevant adverse reactions occurring in < 5% of subjects include nausea, nervousness, vulvovaginitis, dysmenorrhea, back pain, weight increase, decreased libido, cervicitis/Papanicolaou smear normal/class II, hypertension, dyspareunia, anemia, alopecia, skin disorders including eczema, pruritus, rash and urticaria, abdominal distention, hirsutism and edema.

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of Mirena: device breakage and angioedema. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Drugs or herbal products that induce enzymes, including CYP3A4, that metabolize progestins may decrease the serum concentrations of progestins.

Some drugs or herbal products that may decrease the serum concentration of levonorgestrel include:

barbiturates

bosentan

carbamazepine

felbamate

griseofulvin

oxcarbazepine

phenytoin

rifampin

St. John’s wort

topiramate

Significant changes (increase or decrease) in the serum concentrations of the progestin have been noted in some cases of co-administration with HIV protease inhibitors or with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Consult the labeling of all concurrently used drugs to obtain further information about interactions with Mirena or the potential for enzyme alterations.

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

Mirena Warnings & Precautions

 

WARNINGS

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

PRECAUTIONS

Ectopic Pregnancy

Evaluate women who become pregnant while using Mirena for ectopic pregnancy. Up to half of pregnancies that occur with Mirena in place are ectopic. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy in clinical trials that excluded women with risk factors for ectopic pregnancy was approximately 0.1% per year.

Tell women who choose Mirena about the risks of ectopic pregnancy, including the loss of fertility. Teach them to recognize and report to their physician promptly any symptoms of ectopic pregnancy. Women with a previous history of ectopic pregnancy, tubal surgery or pelvic infection carry a higher risk of ectopic pregnancy.

The risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who have a history of ectopic pregnancy and use Mirena is unknown. Clinical trials of Mirena excluded women with a history of ectopic pregnancy.

Intrauterine Pregnancy

If pregnancy should occur with Mirena in place, Mirena should be removed. Removal or manipulation of Mirena may result in pregnancy loss. In the event of an intrauterine pregnancy with Mirena, consider the following:

Septic abortion

In patients becoming pregnant with an IUD in place, septic abortion—with septicemia, septic shock, and death—may occur.

Continuation of pregnancy

If a woman becomes pregnant with Mirena in place and if Mirena cannot be removed or the woman chooses not to have it removed, she should be warned that failure to remove Mirena increases the risk of miscarriage, sepsis, premature labor and premature delivery. She should be followed closely and advised to report immediately any flu-like symptoms, fever, chills, cramping, pain, bleeding, vaginal discharge or leakage of fluid.

Long-term effects and congenital anomalies

When pregnancy continues with Mirena in place, long-term effects on the offspring are unknown. As of September 2006, 390 live births out of an estimated 9.9 million Mirena users had been reported. Congenital anomalies in live births have occurred infrequently. No clear trend towards specific anomalies has been observed. Because of the intrauterine administration of levonorgestrel and local exposure of the fetus to the hormone, the possibility of teratogenicity following exposure to Mirena cannot be completely excluded. Some observational data support a small increased risk of masculinization of the external genitalia of the female fetus following exposure to progestins at doses greater than those currently used for oral contraception. Whether these data apply to Mirena is unknown.

Sepsis

As of September 2006, 9 cases of Group A streptococcal sepsis (GAS) out of an estimated 9.9 million Mirena users had been reported. In some cases, severe pain occurred within hours of insertion followed by sepsis within days. Because death from GAS is more likely if treatment is delayed, it is important to be aware of these rare but serious infections. Aseptic technique during insertion of Mirena is essential. GAS sepsis may also occur postpartum, after surgery, and from wounds.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Mirena is contraindicated in the presence of known or suspected PID or in women with a history of PID unless there has been a subsequent intrauterine pregnancy. Use of IUDs has been associated with an increased risk of PID. The highest risk of PID occurs shortly after insertion (usually within the first 20 days thereafter) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. A decision to use Mirena must include consideration of the risks of PID.

Women at increased risk for PID

PID is often associated with a sexually transmitted disease, and Mirena does not protect against sexually transmitted disease. The risk of PID is greater for women who have multiple sexual partners, and also for women whose sexual partner(s) have multiple sexual partners. Women who have had PID are at increased risk for a recurrence or re-infection.

PID warning to Mirena users

All women who choose Mirena must be informed prior to insertion about the possibility of PID and that PID can cause tubal damage leading to ectopic pregnancy or infertility, or infrequently can necessitate hysterectomy, or cause death. Patients must be taught to recognize and report to their physician promptly any symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease. These symptoms include development of menstrual disorders (prolonged or heavy bleeding), unusual vaginal discharge, abdominal or pelvic pain or tenderness, dyspareunia, chills, and fever.

Asymptomatic PID

PID may be asymptomatic but still result in tubal damage and its sequelae.

Treatment of PID

Following a diagnosis of PID, or suspected PID, bacteriologic specimens should be obtained and antibiotic therapy should be initiated promptly. Removal of Mirena after initiation of antibiotic therapy is usually appropriate. Guidelines for PID treatment are available from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia.

Actinomycosis has been associated with IUDs. Symptomatic women with IUDs should have the IUD removed and should receive antibiotics. However, the management of the asymptomatic carrier is controversial because actinomycetes can be found normally in the genital tract cultures in healthy women without IUDs. False positive findings of actinomycosis on Pap smears can be a problem. When possible, confirm the Pap smear diagnosis with cultures.

Irregular Bleeding and Amenorrhea

Mirena can alter the bleeding pattern and result in spotting, irregular bleeding, heavy bleeding, oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. During the first three to six months of Mirena use, the number of bleeding and spotting days may be increased and bleeding patterns may be irregular. Thereafter the number of bleeding and spotting days usually decreases but bleeding may remain irregular. If bleeding irregularities develop during prolonged treatment, appropriate diagnostic measures should be taken to rule out endometrial pathology.

Amenorrhea develops in approximately 20% of Mirena users by one year. The possibility of pregnancy should be considered if menstruation does not occur within six weeks of the onset of previous menstruation. Once pregnancy has been excluded, repeated pregnancy tests are generally not necessary in amenorrheic women unless indicated, for example, by other signs of pregnancy or by pelvic pain [see Clinical Studies].

In most women with heavy menstrual bleeding, the number of bleeding and spotting days may also increase during the initial months of therapy but usually decrease with continued use; the volume of blood loss per cycle progressively becomes reduced [see Clinical Studies].

Embedment

Embedment of Mirena in the myometrium may occur. Embedment may decrease contraceptive effectiveness and result in pregnancy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. An embedded Mirena should be removed. Embedment can result in difficult removal and, in some cases surgical removal may be necessary.

Perforation

Perforation or penetration of the uterine wall or cervix may occur during insertion although the perforation may not be detected until some time later. If perforation occurs, pregnancy may result [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Mirena must be located and removed; surgery may be required. Delayed detection of perforation may result in migration outside the uterine cavity, adhesions, peritonitis, intestinal perforations, intestinal obstruction, abscesses and erosion of adjacent viscera.

The risk of perforation may be increased in lactating women, in women with fixed retroverted uteri, and during the postpartum period. To decrease the risk of perforation postpartum, Mirena insertion should be delayed a minimum of 6 weeks after delivery or until uterine involution is complete. If involution is substantially delayed, consider waiting until 12 weeks postpartum. Inserting Mirena immediately after first trimester abortion is not known to increase the risk of perforation, but insertion after second trimester abortion should be delayed until uterine involution is complete.

Expulsion

Partial or complete expulsion of Mirena may occur [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Symptoms of the partial or complete expulsion of any lUD may include bleeding or pain. However, the system can be expelled from the uterine cavity without the woman noticing it, resulting in the loss of contraceptive protection. Partial expulsion may decrease the effectiveness of Mirena. As menstrual flow typically decreases after the first 3 to 6 months of Mirena use, an increase of menstrual flow may be indicative of an expulsion. If expulsion has occurred, Mirena may be replaced within 7 days of a menstrual period after pregnancy has been ruled out.

Ovarian Cysts

Since the contraceptive effect of Mirena is mainly due to its local effect, ovulatory cycles with follicular rupture usually occur in women of fertile age using Mirena. Sometimes atresia of the follicle is delayed and the follicle may continue to grow. Enlarged follicles have been diagnosed in about 12% of the subjects using Mirena. Most of these follicles are asymptomatic, although some may be accompanied by pelvic pain or dyspareunia. In most cases the enlarged follicles disappear spontaneously during two to three months observation. Persistent enlarged follicles should be evaluated. Surgical intervention is not usually required.

Breast Cancer

Women who currently have or have had breast cancer, or have a suspicion of breast cancer, should not use hormonal contraception because breast cancer is a hormone-sensitive tumor.

Spontaneous reports of breast cancer have been received during postmarketing experience with Mirena. Because spontaneous reports are voluntary and from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to use postmarketing data to reliably estimate the frequency or establish causal relationship to drug exposure. Two observational studies have not provided evidence of an increased risk of breast cancer during the use of Mirena.

Patient Evaluation and Clinical Considerations

A complete medical and social history, including that of the partner, should be obtained to determine conditions that might influence the selection of an IUD for contraception [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].

Special attention must be given to ascertaining whether the woman is at increased risk of infection (for example, leukemia, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), I.V. drug abuse), or has a history of PID unless there has been a subsequent intrauterine pregnancy. Mirena is contraindicated in these women.

A physical examination should include a pelvic examination, a Pap smear, examination of the breasts, and appropriate tests for any other forms of genital or other sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia laboratory evaluations, if indicated. Use of Mirena in patients with vaginitis or cervicitis should be postponed until proper treatment has eradicated the infection and until it has been shown that the cervicitis is not due to gonorrhea or chlamydia [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].

Irregular bleeding may mask symptoms and signs of endometrial polyps or cancer. Because irregular bleeding/spotting is common during the first months of Mirena use, exclude endometrial pathology prior to the insertion of Mirena in women with persistent or uncharacteristic bleeding. If unexplained bleeding irregularities develop during the prolonged use of Mirena, appropriate diagnostic measures should be taken [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

The healthcare provider should determine that the patient is not pregnant. The possibility of insertion of Mirena in the presence of an existing undetermined pregnancy is reduced if insertion is performed within 7 days of the onset of a menstrual period. Mirena can be replaced by a new system at any time in the cycle. Mirena can be inserted immediately after first trimester abortion.

Mirena should not be inserted until 6 weeks postpartum or until involution of the uterus is complete in order to reduce the incidence of perforation and expulsion. If involution is substantially delayed, consider waiting until 12 weeks postpartum [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Patients with certain types of valvular or congenital heart disease and surgically constructed systemic-pulmonary shunts are at increased risk of infective endocarditis. Use of Mirena in these patients may represent a potential source of septic emboli. Patients with known congenital heart disease who may be at increased risk should be treated with appropriate antibiotics at the time of insertion and removal.

Patients requiring chronic corticosteroid therapy or insulin for diabetes should be monitored with special care for infection.

Mirena should be used with caution in patients who have:

Coagulopathy or are receiving anticoagulants

Migraine, focal migraine with asymmetrical visual loss or other symptoms indicating transient cerebral ischemia

Exceptionally severe headache

Marked increase of blood pressure

Severe arterial disease such as stroke or myocardial infarction

Insertion Precautions

Observe strict asepsis during insertion. The presence of organisms capable of establishing PID cannot be determined by appearance, and IUD insertion may be associated with introduction of vaginal bacteria into the uterus. Administration of antibiotics may be considered, but the utility of this treatment is unknown.

Carefully sound the uterus prior to Mirena insertion to determine the degree of patency of the endocervical canal and the internal os, and the direction and depth of the uterine cavity. In occasional cases, severe cervical stenosis may be encountered. Do not use excessive force to overcome this resistance.

Fundal positioning of Mirena is important to prevent expulsion and maximize efficacy. Therefore, follow the instructions for the insertion carefully.

If the patient develops decreased pulse, perspiration, or pallor, have her remain supine until these signs resolve. Insertion may be associated with some pain and/or bleeding. Syncope, bradycardia, or other neurovascular episodes may occur during insertion of Mirena, especially in patients with a predisposition to these conditions or cervical stenosis.

Continuation and Removal

Reexamine and evaluate patients 4 to 12 weeks after insertion and once a year thereafter, or more frequently if clinically indicated.

If the threads are not visible, they may have retracted into the uterus or broken, or Mirena may have broken, perforated the uterus, or been expelled [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. If the length of the threads has changed from the length at time of insertion, the system may have become displaced. Pregnancy must be excluded and the location of Mirena verified, for example, by sonography, X-ray, or by gentle exploration of the uterine cavity with a probe. If Mirena is displaced, remove it. A new Mirena may be inserted at that time or during the next menses if it is certain that conception has not occurred. If Mirena is in place with no evidence of perforation, no intervention is indicated.

Promptly examine users with complaints of pain, odorous discharge, unexplained bleeding [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], fever, genital lesions or sores.

Consider the possibility of ectopic pregnancy in the case of lower abdominal pain especially in association with missed periods or if an amenorrheic woman starts bleeding [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

In the event a pregnancy is confirmed during Mirena use:

Determine whether pregnancy is ectopic and, if so, take appropriate measures.

Inform patient of the risks of leaving Mirena in place or removing it during pregnancy and of the lack of data on long-term effects on the offspring of women who have had Mirena in place during conception or gestation [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

If possible, Mirena should be removed after the patient has been warned of the risks of removal. If removal is difficult, the patient should be counseled and offered pregnancy termination.

If Mirena is left in place, the patient’s course should be followed closely.

In the event of a sexually transmitted disease during Mirena use:

Should the patient’s relationship cease to be mutually monogamous, or should her partner become HIV positive, or acquire a sexually transmitted disease, she should be instructed to report this change to her clinician immediately. The use of a barrier method as a partial protection against acquiring sexually transmitted diseases should be strongly recommended. Removal of Mirena should be considered.

Mirena should be removed for the following medical reasons:

New onset menorrhagia and/or metrorrhagia producing anemia

Sexually transmitted disease

Pelvic infection; endometritis

Symptomatic genital actinomycosis

Intractable pelvic pain

Severe dyspareunia

Pregnancy

Endometrial or cervical malignancy

Uterine or cervical perforation

Removal of the system should also be considered if any of the following conditions arise for the first time:

Migraine, focal migraine with asymmetrical visual loss or other symptoms indicating transient cerebral ischemia

Exceptionally severe headache

Jaundice

Marked increase of blood pressure

Severe arterial disease such as stroke or myocardial infarction Removal may be associated with some pain and/or bleeding or neurovascular episodes.

Glucose Tolerance

Levonorgestrel may affect glucose tolerance, and the blood glucose concentration should be monitored in diabetic users of Mirena.

Patient Counseling Information

Patients should be counseled that this product does not protect against HIV infection (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Prior to insertion, give the patient the Patient Information Booklet. She should be given the opportunity to read the information and discuss fully any questions she may have concerning Mirena as well as other methods of contraception and therapies for heavy menstrual bleeding. Also, advise the patient that the prescribing information is available to her upon request.

Inform the patient that irregular or prolonged bleeding and spotting, and/or cramps may occur during the first few weeks after insertion. If her symptoms continue or are severe she should report them to her healthcare provider.

Instruct the patient to contact her healthcare provider if she experiences any of the following:

A stroke or heart attack

Develops very severe or migraine headaches

Unexplained fever

Yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, as these may be signs of serious liver problems She thinks she is pregnant

Pelvic pain or pain during sex

She or her partner becomes HIV positive

She might be exposed to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

Unusual vaginal discharge or genital sores

Severe vaginal bleeding or bleeding that lasts a long time, or if she misses a menstrual period.

Cannot feel Mirena’s threads

Instruct the patient on how to check after her menstrual period to make certain that the threads still protrude from the cervix and caution her not to pull on the threads and displace Mirena. Inform her that there is no contraceptive protection if Mirena is displaced or expelled.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenicity

Long-term studies in animals to assess the carcinogenic potential of levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system have not been performed. There is no evidence of increased risk of cancer with short-term use of progestins. There was no increase in tumorigenicity following parenteral administration of levonorgestrel to rats for 2 years at approximately 5 mcg/day, or following oral administration to dogs for 7 years at up to 0.125 mg/kg/day, or to rhesus monkeys for 10 years at up to 250 mcg/kg/day. In another 7 year dog study, oral administration of levonorgestrel at 0.5 mg/kg/day did increase the number of mammary adenomas in treated dogs compared to controls. There were no malignancies. The nonclinical doses above are respectively 16, 200, 240 and 810 times the release rate of levonorgestrel by Mirena (20 mcg/day), based on body surface area [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Mutagenicity

Levonorgestrel was not found to be genotoxic in the Ames assay, in vitro mammalian culture assays utilizing mouse lymphoma cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells, and in an in vivo micronucleus assay in mice.

Impairment of Fertility

There are no irreversible effects on fertility following cessation of exposures to levonorgestrel or progestins in general.

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Many studies have found no harmful effects on fetal development associated with long-term use of contraceptive doses of oral progestins. The few studies of infant growth and development that have been conducted with progestin-only pills have not demonstrated significant adverse effects. [Also see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS.]

Nursing Mothers

In general, no adverse effects have been found on breastfeeding performance or on the health, growth, or development of the infant. However, isolated postmarketing cases of decreased milk production have been reported. Small amounts of progestins pass into the breast milk of nursing mothers, resulting in detectable steroid levels in infant serum. [Also, see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy of Mirena have been established in women of reproductive age. Use of this product before menarche is not indicated.

Geriatric Use

Mirena has not been studied in women over age 65 and is not currently approved for use in this population.

Hepatic Impairment

No studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of hepatic disease on the disposition of levonorgestrel released from Mirena [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].

Renal Impairment

No studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of renal disease on the disposition of levonorgestrel released from Mirena.

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

Mirena Overdosage & Contraindications

 

OVERDOSE

No information provided.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

The use of Mirena is contraindicated when one or more of the following conditions exist:

Pregnancy or suspicion of pregnancy

Congenital or acquired uterine anomaly including fibroids if they distort the uterine cavity

Acute pelvic inflammatory disease or a history of pelvic inflammatory disease unless there has been a subsequent intrauterine pregnancy

Postpartum endometritis or infected abortion in the past 3 months

Known or suspected uterine or cervical neoplasia or unresolved, abnormal Pap smear

Genital bleeding of unknown etiology

Untreated acute cervicitis or vaginitis, including bacterial vaginosis or other lower genital tract infections until infection is controlled

Acute liver disease or liver tumor (benign or malignant)

Conditions associated with increased susceptibility to pelvic infections

A previously inserted IUD that has not been removed

Hypersensitivity to any component of this product

Known or suspected carcinoma of the breast.

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

Mirena Clinical Pharmacology

 

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Mechanism of Action

The local mechanism by which continuously released levonorgestrel enhances contraceptive effectiveness of Mirena has not been conclusively demonstrated. Studies of Mirena prototypes have suggested several mechanisms that prevent pregnancy: thickening of cervical mucus preventing passage of sperm into the uterus, inhibition of sperm capacitation or survival, and alteration of the endometrium.

Pharmacodynamics

Mirena has mainly local progestogenic effects in the uterine cavity. The high local levels of levonorgestrel1 lead to morphological changes including stromal pseudodecidualization, glandular atrophy, a leukocytic infiltration and a decrease in glandular and stromal mitoses.

Ovulation is inhibited in some women using Mirena. In a 1-year study approximately 45% of menstrual cycles were ovulatory and in another study after 4 years 75% of cycles were ovulatory.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Low doses of levonorgestrel are administered into the uterine cavity with the Mirena intrauterine delivery system. Initially, levonorgestrel is released at a rate of approximately 20 mcg/day. This rate decreases progressively to half that value after 5 years. A stable serum concentration, without peaks and troughs, of levonorgestrel of 150–200 pg/mL occurs after the first few weeks following insertion of Mirena. Levonorgestrel concentrations after long-term use of 12, 24, and 60 months were 180±66 pg/mL, 192±140 pg/mL, and 159±59 pg/mL, respectively.

Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution of levonorgestrel is reported to be approximately 1.8 L/kg. It is about 97.5 to 99% protein-bound, principally to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and, to a lesser extent, serum albumin.

Metabolism

Following absorption, levonorgestrel is conjugated at the 17β-OH position to form sulfate conjugates and, to a lesser extent, glucuronide conjugates in serum. Significant amounts of conjugated and unconjugated 3α, 5β-tetrahydrolevonorgestrel are also present in serum, along with much smaller amounts of 3α, 5α-tetrahydrolevonorgestrel and 16βhydroxylevonorgestrel. Levonorgestrel and its phase I metabolites are excreted primarily as glucuronide conjugates. Metabolic clearance rates may differ among individuals by several-fold, and this may account in part for wide individual variations in levonorgestrel concentrations seen in individuals using levonorgestrel–containing contraceptive products.

Excretion

About 45% of levonorgestrel and its metabolites are excreted in the urine and about 32% are excreted in feces, mostly as glucuronide conjugates. The elimination half-life of levonorgestrel after daily oral doses is approximately 17 hours.

Specific Populations

Pediatric: Safety and efficacy of Mirena have been established in women of reproductive age. Use of this product before menarche is not indicated.

Geriatric: Mirena has not been studied in women over age 65 and is not currently approved for use in this population.

Race: No studies have evaluated the effect of race on pharmacokinetics of Mirena.

Hepatic Impairment: No studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of hepatic disease on the disposition of Mirena.

Renal Impairment: No formal studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of renal disease on the disposition of Mirena.

Drug-Drug Interactions

No drug-drug interaction studies were conducted with Mirena [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Clinical Studies

Clinical Trials on Intrauterine Contraception

Mirena has been studied for safety and efficacy in two large clinical trials in Finland and Sweden. In study sites having verifiable data and informed consent, 1,169 women 18 to 35 years of age at enrollment used Mirena for up to 5 years, for a total of 45,000 women-months of exposure. Subjects had previously been pregnant, had no history of ectopic pregnancy, had no history of pelvic inflammatory disease over the preceding 12 months, were predominantly Caucasian, and over 70% of the participants had previously used IUDs (intrauterine devices). The reported 12-month pregnancy rates were less than or equal to 0.2 per 100 women (0.2%) and the cumulative 5-year pregnancy rate was approximately 0.7 per 100 women (0.7%).

About 80% of women wishing to become pregnant conceived within 12 months after removal of Mirena.

Clinical Trial on Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

The efficacy of Mirena in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding was studied in a randomized, open-label, active-control, parallel-group trial comparing Mirena (n=79) to an approved therapy, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) (n=81), over 6 cycles. The subjects included reproductive-aged women in good health, with no contraindications to the drug products and with confirmed heavy menstrual bleeding ( ≥ 80 mL menstrual blood loss [MBL]) determined using the alkaline hematin method). Excluded were women with organic or systemic conditions that may cause heavy uterine bleeding (except small fibroids, with total volume not > 5 mL). Treatment with Mirena showed a statistically significantly greater reduction in MBL (see Figure 10) and a statistically significantly greater number of subjects with successful treatment (see Figure 11). Successful treatment was defined as proportion of subjects with (1) end-of-study MBL < 80 mL and (2) a ≥ 50% decrease in MBL from baseline to end-of-study.

Figure 10 : Median Menstrual Blood Loss (MBL) by Time and Treatment

Figure 11: Proportion of Subjects with Successful Treatment

REFERENCES

1Nilsson CG, Haukkamaa M, Vierola H, Luukkainen T. Tissue Concentrations of Levonorgestrel in Women Using a Levonorgestrel-releasing IUD. Clinical Endocrinol 1982;17:529-536.

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

Mirena Medication Guide

 

PATIENT INFORMATION

Mirena®
(Mur-a-nah)
(levonorgestrel-releasing) Intrauterine System

Mirena does not protect against HIV infection (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Read this Patient Information carefully before you decide if Mirena is right for you. This information does not take the place of talking with your gynecologist or other healthcare provider who specializes in women’s health. If you have any questions about Mirena, ask your healthcare provider. You should also learn about other birth control methods to choose the one that is best for you.

What is Mirena?

Mirena is a hormone-releasing system placed in your uterus to prevent pregnancy for up to 5 years.

Mirena can also lessen menstrual blood loss in women who have heavy menstrual flow and who also want to use a birth control method that is placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy.

Mirena is recommended for women who have had at least one child.

Mirena is T-shaped. It is made of flexible plastic and contains a progestin hormone called levonorgestrel that is often used in birth control pills. Mirena does not contain estrogen. Mirena releases the hormone into the uterus. Only small amounts of the hormone enter your blood.

Two threads are attached to the stem of Mirena. The threads are the only part of Mirena you can feel when Mirena is in your uterus.

Mirena is small and flexible

What if I need birth control for more than 5 years?

Mirena must be removed after 5 years. Your healthcare provider can insert a new Mirena during the same office visit if you choose to continue using Mirena.

What if I change my mind about birth control and want to become pregnant in less than 5 years?

Your healthcare provider can remove Mirena at any time. You may become pregnant as soon as Mirena is removed. About 8 out of 10 women who want to become pregnant will become pregnant some time in the first year after Mirena is removed.

How does Mirena work?

It is not known exactly how Mirena works. Mirena may work in several ways. It may thicken your cervical mucus, thin the lining of your uterus, inhibit sperm movement and reduce sperm survival. Mirena may stop release of your egg from your ovary, but this is not the way it works in most cases. Most likely, these actions work together to prevent pregnancy. Mirena can cause your menstrual bleeding to be less by thinning the lining of the uterus.

How well does Mirena work for contraception?

The following chart shows the chance of getting pregnant for women who use different methods of birth control. Each box on the chart contains a list of birth control methods that are similar in effectiveness. The most effective methods are in the box at the top of the chart. Mirena, an intrauterine device, is in the box at the top of the chart. The box on the bottom of the chart shows the chance of getting pregnant for women who do not use birth control and are trying to get pregnant.

How well does Mirena work for heavy menstrual bleeding?

In the clinical trial performed in women with heavy menstrual bleeding and treated with Mirena, almost 9 out of 10 were treated successfully and their blood loss was reduced by more than half.

Who might use Mirena?

You might choose Mirena if you:

Want birth control that provides a low chance of getting pregnant (less than 1 in 100)

Want birth control that is reversible

Want a birth control method that does not require taking it daily

Have had at least one child

Want treatment for heavy periods and want to use a birth control method that is placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy

Who should not use Mirena?

Do not use Mirena if you:

Might be pregnant

Have had a serious pelvic infection called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) unless you have had a normal pregnancy after the infection went away

Have an untreated pelvic infection now

Have had a serious pelvic infection in the past 3 months after a pregnancy

Can get infections easily. For example, if you have:

More than one sexual partner or your partner has more than one partner

Problems with your immune system

Intravenous drug abuse.

Have or suspect you might have cancer of the uterus or cervix

Have bleeding from the vagina that has not been explained

Have liver disease or liver tumor

Have breast cancer now or in the past or suspect you have breast cancer

Have an intrauterine device in your uterus already

Have a condition of the uterus that changes the shape of the uterine cavity, such as large fibroid tumors

Are allergic to levonorgestrel, silicone, or polyethylene

Before having Mirena placed, tell your healthcare provider if you:

Have had a heart attack

Have had a stroke

Were born with heart disease or have problems with your heart valves

Have problems with blood clotting or take medicine to reduce clotting

Have high blood pressure

Recently had a baby or if you are breast feeding

Have diabetes (high blood sugar)

Use corticosteroid medications on a long-term basis

Have severe migraine headaches

How is Mirena placed?

First, your healthcare provider will examine your pelvis to find the exact position of your uterus. Your healthcare provider will then clean your vagina and cervix with an antiseptic solution, and slide a thin plastic tube containing Mirena into your uterus. Your healthcare provider will then remove the plastic tube, and leave Mirena in your uterus. Your healthcare provider will cut the threads to the right length. Placement takes only a few minutes during an office visit.

You may experience pain, bleeding or dizziness during and after placement. If these symptoms do not pass 30 minutes after placement, Mirena may not have been placed correctly. Your healthcare provider will examine you to see if Mirena needs to be removed or replaced.

Should I check that Mirena is in the proper position?

Yes, you should check that Mirena is in proper position by feeling the removal threads. You should do this after each menstrual period. First, wash your hands with soap and water. Feel for the threads at the top of your vagina with your clean fingers. The threads are the only part of Mirena you should feel when Mirena is in your uterus. Be careful not to pull on the threads. If you feel more than just the threads, Mirena is not in the right position and may not prevent pregnancy. Call your healthcare provider to have it removed. If you cannot feel the threads at all, ask your healthcare provider to check that Mirena is still in the right place. In either case, use a non-hormonal birth control method (such as condoms or spermicide) until otherwise advised by your healthcare provider.

How soon after placement of Mirena should I return to my healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns (see “When should I call my healthcare provider”). Otherwise, you should return to your healthcare provider for a follow-up visit 4 to 12 weeks after Mirena is placed to make sure that Mirena is in the right position.

Can I use tampons with Mirena?

Tampons may be used with Mirena.

What if I become pregnant while using Mirena?

Call your healthcare provider right away if you think you are pregnant. If you get pregnant while using Mirena, you may have an ectopic pregnancy. This means that the pregnancy is not in the uterus. Unusual vaginal bleeding or abdominal pain may be a sign of ectopic pregnancy.

Ectopic pregnancy is a medical emergency that often requires surgery. Ectopic pregnancy can cause internal bleeding, infertility, and even death.

There are also risks if you get pregnant while using Mirena and the pregnancy is in the uterus. Severe infection, miscarriage, premature delivery, and even death can occur with pregnancies that continue with an intrauterine device (IUD). Because of this, your healthcare provider may try to remove Mirena, even though removing it may cause a miscarriage. If Mirena cannot be removed, talk with your healthcare provider about the benefits and risks of continuing the pregnancy.

If you continue your pregnancy, see your healthcare provider regularly. Call your healthcare provider right away if you get flu-like symptoms, fever, chills, cramping, pain, bleeding, vaginal discharge, or fluid leaking from your vagina. These may be signs of infection.

It is not known if Mirena can cause long-term effects on the fetus if it stays in place during a pregnancy.

How will Mirena change my periods?

For the first 3 to 6 months, your monthly period may become irregular and the number of bleeding days may increase at first. You may also have frequent spotting or light bleeding. A few women have heavy bleeding during this time. After your body adjusts, the number of bleeding days is likely to lessen, and you may even find that your periods stop altogether.

In some women with heavy bleeding, the total blood loss per cycle progressively decreases with continued use. The number of spotting and bleeding days may initially increase but then typically decreases in the months that follow.

Is it safe to breast-feed while using Mirena?

You may use Mirena when you are breastfeeding if more than six weeks have passed since you had your baby. If you are breastfeeding, Mirena is not likely to affect the quality or amount of your breast milk or the health of your nursing baby. However, isolated cases of decreased milk production have been reported among women using progestin-only birth control pills.

Will Mirena interfere with sexual intercourse?

You and your partner should not feel Mirena during intercourse. Mirena is placed in the uterus, not in the vagina. Sometimes male partners feel the threads.

What are the possible side effects of using Mirena?

Mirena can cause serious side effects including:

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some IUD users get a serious pelvic infection called pelvic inflammatory disease. PID is usually sexually transmitted. You have a higher chance of getting PID if you or your partner have sex with other partners. PID can cause serious problems such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy or pelvic pain that does not go away. PID is usually treated with antibiotics. More serious cases of PID may require surgery. A hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) is sometimes needed. In rare cases, infections that start as PID can even cause death.

Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any of these signs of PID: long-lasting or heavy bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge, low abdominal (stomach area) pain, painful sex, chills, or fever.

Life-threatening infection. Life-threatening infection can occur within the first few days after Mirena is placed. Call your healthcare provider if you develop severe pain within a few hours after Mirena is placed.

Embedment. Mirena may become attached to the uterine wall. This is called embedment. If embedment happens, Mirena may no longer prevent pregnancy and you may need surgery to have it removed.

Perforation. Mirena may go through the uterus. This is called perforation. If your uterus is perforated, Mirena may no longer prevent pregnancy. It may move outside the uterus and can cause internal scarring, infection, or damage to other organs, and you may need surgery to have Mirena removed.

Common side effects of Mirena include:

Pain, bleeding or dizziness during and after placement. If these symptoms do not stop 30 minutes after placement, Mirena may not have been placed correctly. Your healthcare provider will examine you to see if Mirena needs to be removed or replaced.

Expulsion. Mirena may come out by itself. This is called expulsion. You may become pregnant if Mirena comes out. If you notice that Mirena has come out, use a backup birth control method like condoms and call your healthcare provider.

Missed menstrual periods. About 2 out of 10 women stop having periods after 1 year of Mirena use. If you do not have a period for 6 weeks during Mirena use, call your healthcare provider. When Mirena is removed, your menstrual periods will come back.

Changes in bleeding. You may have bleeding and spotting between menstrual periods, especially during the first 3 to 6 months. Sometimes the bleeding is heavier than usual at first. However, the bleeding usually becomes lighter than usual and may be irregular. Call your healthcare provider if the bleeding remains heavier than usual or if the bleeding becomes heavy after it has been light for a while.

Cyst on the ovary. About 12 out of 100 women using Mirena develop a cyst on the ovary. These cysts usually disappear on their own in a month or two. However, cysts can cause pain and sometimes cysts will need surgery.

This is not a complete list of possible side effects with Mirena. For more information, ask your healthcare provider.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the manufacturer at 1-888-842-2937, or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

After Mirena has been placed, when should I call my healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider if you have any concerns about Mirena. Be sure to call if you:

Think you are pregnant.

Have pelvic pain or pain during sex.

Have unusual vaginal discharge or genital sores.

Have unexplained fever.

Might be exposed to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Cannot feel Mirena ‘s threads.

Develop very severe or migraine headaches.

Have yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes. These may be signs of liver problems.

Have a stroke or heart attack.

Or your partner becomes HIV positive.

Have severe vaginal bleeding or bleeding that lasts a long time.

General advice about prescription medicines

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for conditions that are not mentioned in patient information leaflets. This leaflet summarizes the most important information about Mirena. If you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider for information about Mirena that is written for health providers.

This patient information booklet was updated October 2009.

Fill out the following checklist. Your answers will help you and your healthcare provider decide if Mirena is a good choice for you.

Do you have any of these conditions?

	Yes	No	Don’t know-will discuss with my healthcare provider
Abnormalities of the uterus
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Anemia or blood clotting problems
Bleeding between periods
Cancer of the uterus or cervix
History of other types of cancer
Steroid therapy (for example, prednisone)
Possible pregnancy
Diabetes
Ectopic pregnancy in the past
Fainting attacks
Genital sores
Heart disease
Heart murmur
Heavy menstrual flow
Hepatitis or other liver disease
Infection of the uterus or cervix
IUD in place now or in the past
IV drug abuse now or in the past
Leukemia
More than one sexual partner
A sexual partner who has more than one sexual partner
Pelvic infection
Abortion or miscarriage in the past 2 months
Pregnancy in the past 2 months
Severe menstrual cramps
Severe Headache
Sexually transmitted disease (STD), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia
Stroke
Abnormal Pap smear
Unexplained genital bleeding
Uterine or pelvic surgery
Vaginal discharge or infection
HIV infection
Breastfeeding
High blood pressure

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

 

Mirena Consumer

IMPORTANT NOTE: This is a summary and does not contain all possible information about this product. For complete information about this product or your specific health needs, ask your health care professional. Always seek the advice of your health care professional if you have any questions about this product or your medical condition. This information is not intended as individual medical advice and does not substitute for the knowledge and judgment of your health care professional. This information does not contain any assurances that this product is safe, effective, or appropriate for you.

LEVONORGESTREL-RELEASING IMPLANT – INTRAUTERINE

(lee-voh-nor-JEST-rell)

COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Mirena

USES: This product is a small, flexible device that is placed in the womb (uterus) to prevent pregnancy. It is used in women who desire reversible birth control that works for a long time (up to 5 years). The device works by slowly releasing a hormone (levonorgestrel) that is similar to a certain substance made by a woman&apos;s body.

This product is only intended for women who have previously given birth and have only one sexual partner. It is not meant for women with a history of certain infections/conditions (e.g., pelvic inflammatory disease, sexually transmitted disease, a certain problem pregnancy called ectopic pregnancy). For more information, consult your doctor.

The use of this medication device does not protect you or your partner against sexually transmitted diseases (e.g., HIV, gonorrhea).

Carefully read all of the information provided by your doctor, and ask any questions you may have about this product or other birth control methods that may be right for you.

HOW TO USE: Read the Patient Information Leaflet provided by your pharmacist before this medication device is inserted and each time it is re-inserted. The leaflet contains very important information about side effects and when it is important to call your doctor. If you have any questions, consult your doctor or pharmacist.

This product is inserted into your uterus by a properly trained health care professional, usually once every 5 years or as determined by your doctor. The medication in the device is slowly released into the body over a 5-year period.

If you still desire birth control after 5 years, the medication device may be replaced with a new one. The medication device may also be removed at any time by a properly trained health care professional.

Learn all the instructions on how and when to check this product and its proper positioning in your body, and make sure you understand the problems that may occur with this product. See also Precautions section.

 

Mirena Consumer (continued)

SIDE EFFECTS: Irregular vaginal bleeding (e.g., spotting), cramps, headache, nausea, breast pain, acne, rash, hair loss, weight gain, or decreased interest in sex may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor promptly.

Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication device because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication device do not have serious side effects.

Tell your doctor immediately if any of these serious side effects occur: lack of menstrual period, unexplained fever, chills, trouble breathing, mental/mood changes (e.g., depression, nervousness), vaginal swelling/itching, painful intercourse.

Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: migraine/severe headache, vomiting, tiredness, fast/pounding heartbeat.

Tell your doctor immediately if any of these highly unlikely but very serious side effects occur: prolonged or heavy vaginal bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge/odor, vaginal sores, abdominal/pelvic pain or tenderness, lumps in the breast, yellowing eyes/skin, dark urine, persistent nausea, trouble urinating.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, seek immediate medical attention if you notice any of the following symptoms of a serious allergic reaction: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

In the US –

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

In Canada – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

PRECAUTIONS: Before using this medication device, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to levonorgestrel, or to any other progestins (e.g., norethindrone, desogestrel); or if you have any other allergies.

This medication device should not be used if you have certain medical conditions. Before using this product, consult your doctor or pharmacist if you have: current known or suspected pregnancy, previous ectopic pregnancy, uterus problems (e.g., cancer, endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease-PID), other IUD (intrauterine device) still in place, vaginal problems (e.g., infection), breast cancer, liver disease/tumors, any condition that affects your immune system (e.g., AIDS, leukemia).

Before using this product, tell your doctor your medical history, especially of: bleeding problems (e.g., menstrual changes, clotting problems), heart problems (e.g., congenital valve conditions), high blood pressure, migraine headaches, stroke, diabetes.

If you have diabetes, this medication may make it harder to control your blood sugar levels. Monitor your blood sugar regularly as directed by your doctor. Tell your doctor the results and any symptoms such as increased thirst/urination. Your anti-diabetic medication or diet may need to be adjusted.

This medication device may sometimes come out by itself or move out of place. This may result in unwanted pregnancy or other problems. After each menstrual period, check to make sure it is in the right place. Talk to your doctor about how to check your device. If it comes out or you cannot feel its threads, call your doctor promptly, and use a backup birth control method such as condoms.

If you or partner has any other sexual partners, this medication device may no longer be a good choice for pregnancy prevention. If you or your partner becomes HIV positive, or if you think you may have been exposed to any sexually transmitted disease, contact your doctor immediately. You should consider having this device removed.

This medication device must not be used during pregnancy. If you become pregnant or think you may be pregnant, tell your doctor immediately. If you have just given birth and are not breast-feeding, or if you have had a pregnancy loss or abortion after the 3 months of pregnancy, wait at least 6 weeks (or as directed by your doctor) before using this medication device. Consult your doctor about the problems that may occur during pregnancy while using this product.

Levonorgestrel passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

 

Mirena Consumer (continued)

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Your doctor or pharmacist may already be aware of any possible drug interactions and may be monitoring you for them. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with them first.

Before using this medication device, tell your doctor of all prescription and nonprescription medications you may use, especially of: “blood thinners” (e.g., warfarin), birth control taken by mouth or applied to the skin (patch), certain drug used for varicose vein treatment (sodium tetradecyl sulfate), drugs that affect your immune response (e.g., corticosteroids such as prednisone).

This document does not contain all possible interactions. Therefore, before using this product, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the products you use. Keep a list of all your medications with you, and share the list with your doctor and pharmacist.

OVERDOSE: Overdose with this medication is very unlikely because of the way the drug is released from this device. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

NOTES: Do not share this medication with others.

Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. You should have regular complete physical exams including blood pressure, breast exam, pelvic exam, and screening for cervical cancer (Pap smear). Follow your doctor&apos;s instructions for examining your own breasts, and report any lumps immediately. Consult your doctor for more details.

MISSED DOSE: Not applicable.

Mirena Drug Description

 

Mirena
(levonorgestrel-releasing) Intrauterine System

DRUG DESCRIPTION

What are the possible side effects of levonorgestrel intrauterine system (Mirena)?

Get emergency medical help if you have severe pain in your lower stomach or side. This could be a sign of a tubal pregnancy (a pregnancy that implants in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus). A tubal pregnancy is a medical emergency.

The levonorgestrel intrauterine device may become embedded into the wall of the uterus, or may perforate (form a hole) in the uterus. If this occurs, the device may no longer prevent pregnancy, or it may move outside the uterus and cause…

Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Mirena »

Mirena is intended to provide an initial release rate of 20 mcg/day of levonorgestrel

Levonorgestrel USP, (-)-13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, the active ingredient in Mirena, has a molecular weight of 312.4, a molecular formula of C21H28O2, and the following structural formula:

Mirena

Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) consists of a T-shaped polyethylene frame (T-body) with a steroid reservoir (hormone elastomer core) around the vertical stem. The reservoir consists of a white or almost white cylinder, made of a mixture of levonorgestrel and silicone (polydimethylsiloxane), containing a total of 52 mg levonorgestrel. The reservoir is covered by a semi-opaque silicone (polydimethylsiloxane) membrane. The T-body is 32 mm in both the horizontal and vertical directions. The polyethylene of the T-body is compounded with barium sulfate, which makes it radiopaque. A monofilament brown polyethylene removal thread is attached to a loop at the end of the vertical stem of the T-body.

Schematic drawing of Mirena

Inserter

Mirena is packaged sterile within an inserter. The inserter, which is used for insertion of Mirena into the uterine cavity, consists of a symmetric two-sided body and slider that are integrated with flange, lock, pre-bent insertion tube and plunger. Once Mirena is in place, the inserter is discarded.

Diagram of Inserter

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

Mirena Indications & Dosage

 

INDICATIONS

Mirena is indicated for intrauterine contraception for up to 5 years.

Mirena is also indicated for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding in women who choose to use intrauterine contraception as their method of contraception.

Mirena is recommended for women who have had at least one child.

The system should be replaced after 5 years if continued use is desired.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Mirena contains 52 mg of levonorgestrel. Initially, levonorgestrel is released at a rate of approximately 20 mcg/day. This rate decreases progressively to half that value after 5 years.

Mirena is packaged sterile within an inserter. Information regarding insertion instructions, patient counseling and record keeping, patient follow-up, removal of Mirena and continuation of contraception after removal is provided below.

Insertion Instructions

NOTE: Mirena should be inserted by a trained healthcare provider. Healthcare providers are advised to become thoroughly familiar with the insertion instructions before attempting insertion of Mirena.

Mirena is inserted with the provided inserter (Figure 1a) into the uterine cavity within seven days of the onset of menstruation or immediately after a first trimester abortion by carefully following the insertion instructions. It can be replaced by a new Mirena at any time during the menstrual cycle.

Figure 1a : Mirena and inserter

Preparation for insertion

Ensure that the patient understands the contents of the Patient Information Booklet and obtain consent. A consent form that includes the lot number is on the last page of the Patient Information Booklet.

Confirm that there are no contraindications to the use of Mirena.

Perform a urine pregnancy test, if indicated.

With the patient comfortably in lithotomy position, gently insert a speculum to visualize the cervix and rule out genital contraindications to the use of Mirena.

Do a bimanual exam to establish the size and position of the uterus, to detect other genital contraindications, and to exclude pregnancy.

Thoroughly cleanse the cervix and vagina with a suitable antiseptic solution. Perform a paracervical block, if needed.

Prepare to sound the uterine cavity. Grasp the upper lip of the cervix with a tenaculum forceps and apply gentle traction to align the cervical canal with the uterine cavity. If the uterus is retroverted, it may be more appropriate to grasp the lower lip of the cervix. Note that the tenaculum forceps should remain in position throughout the insertion procedure to maintain gentle traction on the cervix.

Gently insert a uterine sound to check the patency of the cervix, measure the depth of the uterine cavity, confirm its direction and exclude the presence of any uterine anomaly. If you encounter cervical stenosis, use dilatation, not force, to overcome resistance.

The uterus should sound to a depth of 6 to 10 cm. Insertion of Mirena into a uterine cavity less than 6 cm by sounding may increase the incidence of expulsion, bleeding, pain, perforation, and possibly pregnancy.

After ascertaining that the patient is appropriate for Mirena, open the carton containing Mirena.

Insertion Procedure

Ensure use of sterile technique throughout the entire procedure.

Step 1–Opening of the sterile package

Open the sterile package completely (Figure 1b).

Place sterile gloves on your hands.

Pick up the handle of the inserter containing Mirena and carefully release the threads so that they hang freely.
Place your thumb or forefinger on the slider. Make sure that the slider is in the furthest position away from you, for example, at the top of the handle towards the insertion tube (Figure 1b).
NOTE: Keep your thumb or forefinger on the slider until insertion is complete.

With the centimeter scale of the insertion tube facing up, check that the arms of Mirena are in a horizontal position. If they are not, align them on a flat, sterile surface, for example, the sterile package (Figures 1b and 1c).

Figure 1b: Aligning the arms with the slider in the furthest position

Figure 1c : Checking that the arms are horizontal and aligned with respect to the scale

Step 2–Load Mirena into the insertion tube

Holding the slider in the furthest position, pull on both threads to load Mirena into the insertion tube (Figure 2a).

Note that the knobs at the ends of the arms now meet to close the open end of the insertion tube (Figure 2b).

If the knobs do not meet properly

If the knobs do not meet properly, release the arms by pulling the slider back to the mark (raised horizontal line on the handle) (Figure 6a). Re-load Mirena by aligning the open arms on a sterile surface (Figure 1b). Return the slider to its furthermost position and pull on both threads. Check for proper loading (Figure 2b).

Figure 2a : Loading Mirena into the insertion tube

Figure 2b : Properly loaded Mirena with knobs closing the end of the insertion tube

Step 3–Secure the threads

Secure the threads in the cleft at the bottom end of the handle to keep Mirena in the loaded position (Figure 3).

Figure 3 : Threads are secured in the cleft

Step 4–Setting the flange

Set the upper edge of the flange to the depth measured during the uterine sounding (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Setting the flange to the uterine depth

Step 5–Mirena is now ready to be inserted

Continue to hold the slider with the thumb or forefinger firmly in the furthermost position. Grasp the tenaculum forceps with your other hand and apply gentle traction to align the cervical canal with the uterine cavity.

While maintaining traction on the cervix, gently advance the insertion tube through the cervical canal and into the uterine cavity until the flange is 1.5 to 2 cm from the external cervical os.

CAUTION: do not advance flange to the cervix at this step. Maintaining the flange 1.5 to 2 cm from the cervical os allows sufficient space for the arms to open (when released) within the uterine cavity (Figures 5 and 6b).

NOTE! Do not force the inserter. If necessary, dilate the cervical canal.

Figure 5. Advancing insertion tube until flange is 1.5 to 2 cm from cervical os

Step 6–Release the arms

While holding the inserter steady, release the arms of Mirena by pulling the slider back until the top of the slider reaches the mark (raised horizontal line on the handle) (Figure 6a).

Wait approximately 10 seconds to allow the horizontal arms of Mirena to open and regain its T-shape (Figure 6b).

Figure 6a : Pulling the slider back to reach the mark

Figure 6b : Releasing the arms of Mirena

Step 7–Advance to fundal position

Gently advance the inserter into the uterine cavity until the flange meets the cervix and you feel fundal resistance. Mirena should now be in the desired fundal position (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Mirena in the fundal position

Step 8–Release Mirena and withdraw the inserter

While holding the inserter steady, pull the slider all the way down to release Mirena from the insertion tube (Figure 8). The threads will release automatically from the cleft.

Check that the threads are hanging freely and gently withdraw the inserter from the uterus. Be careful not to pull on the threads as this will displace Mirena.

Figure 8 : Releasing Mirena from the insertion tube

Step 9–Cut the threads

Cut the threads perpendicular to the thread length, for example, with sterile curved scissors, leaving about 3 cm visible outside the cervix (Figure 9).

NOTE: Cutting threads at an angle may leave sharp ends.

Figure 9. Cutting the threads

Mirena insertion is now complete.

Important information to consider during or after insertion

If you suspect that Mirena is not in the correct position, check placement (for example, with transvaginal ultrasound). Remove Mirena if it is not positioned completely within the uterus. A removed Mirena must not be reinserted.

If there is clinical concern and/or exceptional pain or bleeding during or after insertion, appropriate and timely measures and assessments, for example ultrasound, should be performed to exclude perforation.

Patient Counseling and Record Keeping

Keep a copy of the consent form and lot number for your records.

Counsel the patient on what to expect following Mirena insertion. Give the patient the Follow-up Reminder Card that is provided with the product. Discuss expected bleeding patterns during the first months of Mirena use. [See Patient Counseling.]

Prescribe analgesics, if indicated.

Patient Follow-up

Patients should be reexamined and evaluated 4 to 12 weeks after insertion and once a year thereafter, or more frequently if clinically indicated.

Removal of Mirena

Remove Mirena by applying gentle traction on the threads with forceps. The arms will fold upward as it is withdrawn from the uterus. Mirena should not remain in the uterus after 5 years.

Removal may be associated with some pain and/or bleeding or neurovascular episodes.

If the threads are not visible and Mirena is in the uterine cavity, it may be removed using a narrow forceps, such as an alligator forceps. This may require dilation of the cervical canal [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

After removal of Mirena, verify that the system is intact.

During difficult removals, the hormone cylinder may slide over and cover the horizontal arms. This situation generally does not require further intervention once the system is verified to be intact.

If Mirena is removed mid-cycle and the woman has had intercourse within the preceding week, she is at a risk of pregnancy unless a new Mirena is inserted immediately following removal.

Continuation of Contraception after Removal

You may insert a new Mirena immediately following removal.

If a patient with regular cycles wants to start a different birth control method, remove Mirena during the first 7 days of the menstrual cycle and start the new method.

If a patient with irregular cycles or amenorrhea wants to start a different birth control method, or if you remove Mirena after the seventh day of the menstrual cycle, start the new method at least 7 days before removal.

HOW SUPPLIED

Dosage Forms And Strengths

Mirena is a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system consisting of a T-shaped polyethylene frame with a steroid reservoir containing a total of 52 mg levonorgestrel.

Storage And Handling

Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system), containing a total of 52 mg levonorgestrel, is available in a carton of one sterile unit NDC# 50419-421-01. Each Mirena is packaged together with an inserter in a thermoformed blister package with a peelable lid.

Mirena is supplied sterile. Mirena is sterilized with ethylene oxide. Do not resterilize. For single use only. Do not use if the inner package is damaged or open. Insert before the end of the month shown on the label.

Store at 25°C (77°F); with excursions permitted between 15–30°C (59–86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

Manufactured for: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Wayne, NJ 07470. Manufactured in Finland, 1-866-647-3646. September 2009.

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

Mirena Side Effects & Drug Interactions

 

SIDE EFFECTS

The following most serious adverse reactions associated with the use of Mirena are discussed in greater detail in the Warnings and Precautions section (5):

Ectopic Pregnancy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Intrauterine Pregnancy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Group A streptococcal sepsis (GAS) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Embedment [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Perforation [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Breast Cancer [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Clinical Trial Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical studies of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

The data provided reflect the experience with the use of Mirena in the adequate and well-controlled studies for contraception (n=2,339) and heavy menstrual bleeding (n=80). For the contraception indication, Mirena was compared to a copper IUD (n=1,855), to another formulation of levonorgestrel intrauterine system (n=390) and to a combined oral contraceptive (n=94) in women 18 to 35 years old. The data cover more than 92,000 woman-months of exposure. For the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding indication (n=80), the subjects included women aged 26 to 50 with confirmed heavy bleeding and exposed for a median of 183 treatment days of Mirena (range 7 to 295 days). The frequencies of reported adverse drug reactions represent crude incidences.

The adverse reactions seen across the 2 indications overlapped, and are reported using the frequencies from the contraception studies.

The most common adverse reactions ( ≥ 5% users) are uterine/vaginal bleeding alterations (51.9%), amenorrhea (23.9%), intermenstrual bleeding and spotting (23.4%), abdominal/pelvic pain (12.8%), ovarian cysts (12%), headache/migraine (7.7%), acne (7.2%), depressed/altered mood (6.4%), menorrhagia (6.3%), breast tenderness/pain (4.9%), vaginal discharge (4.9%) and IUD expulsion (4.9%).

Other relevant adverse reactions occurring in < 5% of subjects include nausea, nervousness, vulvovaginitis, dysmenorrhea, back pain, weight increase, decreased libido, cervicitis/Papanicolaou smear normal/class II, hypertension, dyspareunia, anemia, alopecia, skin disorders including eczema, pruritus, rash and urticaria, abdominal distention, hirsutism and edema.

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of Mirena: device breakage and angioedema. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Drugs or herbal products that induce enzymes, including CYP3A4, that metabolize progestins may decrease the serum concentrations of progestins.

Some drugs or herbal products that may decrease the serum concentration of levonorgestrel include:

barbiturates

bosentan

carbamazepine

felbamate

griseofulvin

oxcarbazepine

phenytoin

rifampin

St. John’s wort

topiramate

Significant changes (increase or decrease) in the serum concentrations of the progestin have been noted in some cases of co-administration with HIV protease inhibitors or with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Consult the labeling of all concurrently used drugs to obtain further information about interactions with Mirena or the potential for enzyme alterations.

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

Mirena Warnings & Precautions

 

WARNINGS

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

PRECAUTIONS

Ectopic Pregnancy

Evaluate women who become pregnant while using Mirena for ectopic pregnancy. Up to half of pregnancies that occur with Mirena in place are ectopic. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy in clinical trials that excluded women with risk factors for ectopic pregnancy was approximately 0.1% per year.

Tell women who choose Mirena about the risks of ectopic pregnancy, including the loss of fertility. Teach them to recognize and report to their physician promptly any symptoms of ectopic pregnancy. Women with a previous history of ectopic pregnancy, tubal surgery or pelvic infection carry a higher risk of ectopic pregnancy.

The risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who have a history of ectopic pregnancy and use Mirena is unknown. Clinical trials of Mirena excluded women with a history of ectopic pregnancy.

Intrauterine Pregnancy

If pregnancy should occur with Mirena in place, Mirena should be removed. Removal or manipulation of Mirena may result in pregnancy loss. In the event of an intrauterine pregnancy with Mirena, consider the following:

Septic abortion

In patients becoming pregnant with an IUD in place, septic abortion—with septicemia, septic shock, and death—may occur.

Continuation of pregnancy

If a woman becomes pregnant with Mirena in place and if Mirena cannot be removed or the woman chooses not to have it removed, she should be warned that failure to remove Mirena increases the risk of miscarriage, sepsis, premature labor and premature delivery. She should be followed closely and advised to report immediately any flu-like symptoms, fever, chills, cramping, pain, bleeding, vaginal discharge or leakage of fluid.

Long-term effects and congenital anomalies

When pregnancy continues with Mirena in place, long-term effects on the offspring are unknown. As of September 2006, 390 live births out of an estimated 9.9 million Mirena users had been reported. Congenital anomalies in live births have occurred infrequently. No clear trend towards specific anomalies has been observed. Because of the intrauterine administration of levonorgestrel and local exposure of the fetus to the hormone, the possibility of teratogenicity following exposure to Mirena cannot be completely excluded. Some observational data support a small increased risk of masculinization of the external genitalia of the female fetus following exposure to progestins at doses greater than those currently used for oral contraception. Whether these data apply to Mirena is unknown.

Sepsis

As of September 2006, 9 cases of Group A streptococcal sepsis (GAS) out of an estimated 9.9 million Mirena users had been reported. In some cases, severe pain occurred within hours of insertion followed by sepsis within days. Because death from GAS is more likely if treatment is delayed, it is important to be aware of these rare but serious infections. Aseptic technique during insertion of Mirena is essential. GAS sepsis may also occur postpartum, after surgery, and from wounds.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Mirena is contraindicated in the presence of known or suspected PID or in women with a history of PID unless there has been a subsequent intrauterine pregnancy. Use of IUDs has been associated with an increased risk of PID. The highest risk of PID occurs shortly after insertion (usually within the first 20 days thereafter) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. A decision to use Mirena must include consideration of the risks of PID.

Women at increased risk for PID

PID is often associated with a sexually transmitted disease, and Mirena does not protect against sexually transmitted disease. The risk of PID is greater for women who have multiple sexual partners, and also for women whose sexual partner(s) have multiple sexual partners. Women who have had PID are at increased risk for a recurrence or re-infection.

PID warning to Mirena users

All women who choose Mirena must be informed prior to insertion about the possibility of PID and that PID can cause tubal damage leading to ectopic pregnancy or infertility, or infrequently can necessitate hysterectomy, or cause death. Patients must be taught to recognize and report to their physician promptly any symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease. These symptoms include development of menstrual disorders (prolonged or heavy bleeding), unusual vaginal discharge, abdominal or pelvic pain or tenderness, dyspareunia, chills, and fever.

Asymptomatic PID

PID may be asymptomatic but still result in tubal damage and its sequelae.

Treatment of PID

Following a diagnosis of PID, or suspected PID, bacteriologic specimens should be obtained and antibiotic therapy should be initiated promptly. Removal of Mirena after initiation of antibiotic therapy is usually appropriate. Guidelines for PID treatment are available from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia.

Actinomycosis has been associated with IUDs. Symptomatic women with IUDs should have the IUD removed and should receive antibiotics. However, the management of the asymptomatic carrier is controversial because actinomycetes can be found normally in the genital tract cultures in healthy women without IUDs. False positive findings of actinomycosis on Pap smears can be a problem. When possible, confirm the Pap smear diagnosis with cultures.

Irregular Bleeding and Amenorrhea

Mirena can alter the bleeding pattern and result in spotting, irregular bleeding, heavy bleeding, oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. During the first three to six months of Mirena use, the number of bleeding and spotting days may be increased and bleeding patterns may be irregular. Thereafter the number of bleeding and spotting days usually decreases but bleeding may remain irregular. If bleeding irregularities develop during prolonged treatment, appropriate diagnostic measures should be taken to rule out endometrial pathology.

Amenorrhea develops in approximately 20% of Mirena users by one year. The possibility of pregnancy should be considered if menstruation does not occur within six weeks of the onset of previous menstruation. Once pregnancy has been excluded, repeated pregnancy tests are generally not necessary in amenorrheic women unless indicated, for example, by other signs of pregnancy or by pelvic pain [see Clinical Studies].

In most women with heavy menstrual bleeding, the number of bleeding and spotting days may also increase during the initial months of therapy but usually decrease with continued use; the volume of blood loss per cycle progressively becomes reduced [see Clinical Studies].

Embedment

Embedment of Mirena in the myometrium may occur. Embedment may decrease contraceptive effectiveness and result in pregnancy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. An embedded Mirena should be removed. Embedment can result in difficult removal and, in some cases surgical removal may be necessary.

Perforation

Perforation or penetration of the uterine wall or cervix may occur during insertion although the perforation may not be detected until some time later. If perforation occurs, pregnancy may result [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Mirena must be located and removed; surgery may be required. Delayed detection of perforation may result in migration outside the uterine cavity, adhesions, peritonitis, intestinal perforations, intestinal obstruction, abscesses and erosion of adjacent viscera.

The risk of perforation may be increased in lactating women, in women with fixed retroverted uteri, and during the postpartum period. To decrease the risk of perforation postpartum, Mirena insertion should be delayed a minimum of 6 weeks after delivery or until uterine involution is complete. If involution is substantially delayed, consider waiting until 12 weeks postpartum. Inserting Mirena immediately after first trimester abortion is not known to increase the risk of perforation, but insertion after second trimester abortion should be delayed until uterine involution is complete.

Expulsion

Partial or complete expulsion of Mirena may occur [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Symptoms of the partial or complete expulsion of any lUD may include bleeding or pain. However, the system can be expelled from the uterine cavity without the woman noticing it, resulting in the loss of contraceptive protection. Partial expulsion may decrease the effectiveness of Mirena. As menstrual flow typically decreases after the first 3 to 6 months of Mirena use, an increase of menstrual flow may be indicative of an expulsion. If expulsion has occurred, Mirena may be replaced within 7 days of a menstrual period after pregnancy has been ruled out.

Ovarian Cysts

Since the contraceptive effect of Mirena is mainly due to its local effect, ovulatory cycles with follicular rupture usually occur in women of fertile age using Mirena. Sometimes atresia of the follicle is delayed and the follicle may continue to grow. Enlarged follicles have been diagnosed in about 12% of the subjects using Mirena. Most of these follicles are asymptomatic, although some may be accompanied by pelvic pain or dyspareunia. In most cases the enlarged follicles disappear spontaneously during two to three months observation. Persistent enlarged follicles should be evaluated. Surgical intervention is not usually required.

Breast Cancer

Women who currently have or have had breast cancer, or have a suspicion of breast cancer, should not use hormonal contraception because breast cancer is a hormone-sensitive tumor.

Spontaneous reports of breast cancer have been received during postmarketing experience with Mirena. Because spontaneous reports are voluntary and from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to use postmarketing data to reliably estimate the frequency or establish causal relationship to drug exposure. Two observational studies have not provided evidence of an increased risk of breast cancer during the use of Mirena.

Patient Evaluation and Clinical Considerations

A complete medical and social history, including that of the partner, should be obtained to determine conditions that might influence the selection of an IUD for contraception [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].

Special attention must be given to ascertaining whether the woman is at increased risk of infection (for example, leukemia, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), I.V. drug abuse), or has a history of PID unless there has been a subsequent intrauterine pregnancy. Mirena is contraindicated in these women.

A physical examination should include a pelvic examination, a Pap smear, examination of the breasts, and appropriate tests for any other forms of genital or other sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia laboratory evaluations, if indicated. Use of Mirena in patients with vaginitis or cervicitis should be postponed until proper treatment has eradicated the infection and until it has been shown that the cervicitis is not due to gonorrhea or chlamydia [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].

Irregular bleeding may mask symptoms and signs of endometrial polyps or cancer. Because irregular bleeding/spotting is common during the first months of Mirena use, exclude endometrial pathology prior to the insertion of Mirena in women with persistent or uncharacteristic bleeding. If unexplained bleeding irregularities develop during the prolonged use of Mirena, appropriate diagnostic measures should be taken [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

The healthcare provider should determine that the patient is not pregnant. The possibility of insertion of Mirena in the presence of an existing undetermined pregnancy is reduced if insertion is performed within 7 days of the onset of a menstrual period. Mirena can be replaced by a new system at any time in the cycle. Mirena can be inserted immediately after first trimester abortion.

Mirena should not be inserted until 6 weeks postpartum or until involution of the uterus is complete in order to reduce the incidence of perforation and expulsion. If involution is substantially delayed, consider waiting until 12 weeks postpartum [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Patients with certain types of valvular or congenital heart disease and surgically constructed systemic-pulmonary shunts are at increased risk of infective endocarditis. Use of Mirena in these patients may represent a potential source of septic emboli. Patients with known congenital heart disease who may be at increased risk should be treated with appropriate antibiotics at the time of insertion and removal.

Patients requiring chronic corticosteroid therapy or insulin for diabetes should be monitored with special care for infection.

Mirena should be used with caution in patients who have:

Coagulopathy or are receiving anticoagulants

Migraine, focal migraine with asymmetrical visual loss or other symptoms indicating transient cerebral ischemia

Exceptionally severe headache

Marked increase of blood pressure

Severe arterial disease such as stroke or myocardial infarction

Insertion Precautions

Observe strict asepsis during insertion. The presence of organisms capable of establishing PID cannot be determined by appearance, and IUD insertion may be associated with introduction of vaginal bacteria into the uterus. Administration of antibiotics may be considered, but the utility of this treatment is unknown.

Carefully sound the uterus prior to Mirena insertion to determine the degree of patency of the endocervical canal and the internal os, and the direction and depth of the uterine cavity. In occasional cases, severe cervical stenosis may be encountered. Do not use excessive force to overcome this resistance.

Fundal positioning of Mirena is important to prevent expulsion and maximize efficacy. Therefore, follow the instructions for the insertion carefully.

If the patient develops decreased pulse, perspiration, or pallor, have her remain supine until these signs resolve. Insertion may be associated with some pain and/or bleeding. Syncope, bradycardia, or other neurovascular episodes may occur during insertion of Mirena, especially in patients with a predisposition to these conditions or cervical stenosis.

Continuation and Removal

Reexamine and evaluate patients 4 to 12 weeks after insertion and once a year thereafter, or more frequently if clinically indicated.

If the threads are not visible, they may have retracted into the uterus or broken, or Mirena may have broken, perforated the uterus, or been expelled [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. If the length of the threads has changed from the length at time of insertion, the system may have become displaced. Pregnancy must be excluded and the location of Mirena verified, for example, by sonography, X-ray, or by gentle exploration of the uterine cavity with a probe. If Mirena is displaced, remove it. A new Mirena may be inserted at that time or during the next menses if it is certain that conception has not occurred. If Mirena is in place with no evidence of perforation, no intervention is indicated.

Promptly examine users with complaints of pain, odorous discharge, unexplained bleeding [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], fever, genital lesions or sores.

Consider the possibility of ectopic pregnancy in the case of lower abdominal pain especially in association with missed periods or if an amenorrheic woman starts bleeding [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

In the event a pregnancy is confirmed during Mirena use:

Determine whether pregnancy is ectopic and, if so, take appropriate measures.

Inform patient of the risks of leaving Mirena in place or removing it during pregnancy and of the lack of data on long-term effects on the offspring of women who have had Mirena in place during conception or gestation [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

If possible, Mirena should be removed after the patient has been warned of the risks of removal. If removal is difficult, the patient should be counseled and offered pregnancy termination.

If Mirena is left in place, the patient’s course should be followed closely.

In the event of a sexually transmitted disease during Mirena use:

Should the patient’s relationship cease to be mutually monogamous, or should her partner become HIV positive, or acquire a sexually transmitted disease, she should be instructed to report this change to her clinician immediately. The use of a barrier method as a partial protection against acquiring sexually transmitted diseases should be strongly recommended. Removal of Mirena should be considered.

Mirena should be removed for the following medical reasons:

New onset menorrhagia and/or metrorrhagia producing anemia

Sexually transmitted disease

Pelvic infection; endometritis

Symptomatic genital actinomycosis

Intractable pelvic pain

Severe dyspareunia

Pregnancy

Endometrial or cervical malignancy

Uterine or cervical perforation

Removal of the system should also be considered if any of the following conditions arise for the first time:

Migraine, focal migraine with asymmetrical visual loss or other symptoms indicating transient cerebral ischemia

Exceptionally severe headache

Jaundice

Marked increase of blood pressure

Severe arterial disease such as stroke or myocardial infarction Removal may be associated with some pain and/or bleeding or neurovascular episodes.

Glucose Tolerance

Levonorgestrel may affect glucose tolerance, and the blood glucose concentration should be monitored in diabetic users of Mirena.

Patient Counseling Information

Patients should be counseled that this product does not protect against HIV infection (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Prior to insertion, give the patient the Patient Information Booklet. She should be given the opportunity to read the information and discuss fully any questions she may have concerning Mirena as well as other methods of contraception and therapies for heavy menstrual bleeding. Also, advise the patient that the prescribing information is available to her upon request.

Inform the patient that irregular or prolonged bleeding and spotting, and/or cramps may occur during the first few weeks after insertion. If her symptoms continue or are severe she should report them to her healthcare provider.

Instruct the patient to contact her healthcare provider if she experiences any of the following:

A stroke or heart attack

Develops very severe or migraine headaches

Unexplained fever

Yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, as these may be signs of serious liver problems She thinks she is pregnant

Pelvic pain or pain during sex

She or her partner becomes HIV positive

She might be exposed to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

Unusual vaginal discharge or genital sores

Severe vaginal bleeding or bleeding that lasts a long time, or if she misses a menstrual period.

Cannot feel Mirena’s threads

Instruct the patient on how to check after her menstrual period to make certain that the threads still protrude from the cervix and caution her not to pull on the threads and displace Mirena. Inform her that there is no contraceptive protection if Mirena is displaced or expelled.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenicity

Long-term studies in animals to assess the carcinogenic potential of levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system have not been performed. There is no evidence of increased risk of cancer with short-term use of progestins. There was no increase in tumorigenicity following parenteral administration of levonorgestrel to rats for 2 years at approximately 5 mcg/day, or following oral administration to dogs for 7 years at up to 0.125 mg/kg/day, or to rhesus monkeys for 10 years at up to 250 mcg/kg/day. In another 7 year dog study, oral administration of levonorgestrel at 0.5 mg/kg/day did increase the number of mammary adenomas in treated dogs compared to controls. There were no malignancies. The nonclinical doses above are respectively 16, 200, 240 and 810 times the release rate of levonorgestrel by Mirena (20 mcg/day), based on body surface area [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Mutagenicity

Levonorgestrel was not found to be genotoxic in the Ames assay, in vitro mammalian culture assays utilizing mouse lymphoma cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells, and in an in vivo micronucleus assay in mice.

Impairment of Fertility

There are no irreversible effects on fertility following cessation of exposures to levonorgestrel or progestins in general.

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Many studies have found no harmful effects on fetal development associated with long-term use of contraceptive doses of oral progestins. The few studies of infant growth and development that have been conducted with progestin-only pills have not demonstrated significant adverse effects. [Also see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS.]

Nursing Mothers

In general, no adverse effects have been found on breastfeeding performance or on the health, growth, or development of the infant. However, isolated postmarketing cases of decreased milk production have been reported. Small amounts of progestins pass into the breast milk of nursing mothers, resulting in detectable steroid levels in infant serum. [Also, see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy of Mirena have been established in women of reproductive age. Use of this product before menarche is not indicated.

Geriatric Use

Mirena has not been studied in women over age 65 and is not currently approved for use in this population.

Hepatic Impairment

No studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of hepatic disease on the disposition of levonorgestrel released from Mirena [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].

Renal Impairment

No studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of renal disease on the disposition of levonorgestrel released from Mirena.

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

Mirena Overdosage & Contraindications

 

OVERDOSE

No information provided.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

The use of Mirena is contraindicated when one or more of the following conditions exist:

Pregnancy or suspicion of pregnancy

Congenital or acquired uterine anomaly including fibroids if they distort the uterine cavity

Acute pelvic inflammatory disease or a history of pelvic inflammatory disease unless there has been a subsequent intrauterine pregnancy

Postpartum endometritis or infected abortion in the past 3 months

Known or suspected uterine or cervical neoplasia or unresolved, abnormal Pap smear

Genital bleeding of unknown etiology

Untreated acute cervicitis or vaginitis, including bacterial vaginosis or other lower genital tract infections until infection is controlled

Acute liver disease or liver tumor (benign or malignant)

Conditions associated with increased susceptibility to pelvic infections

A previously inserted IUD that has not been removed

Hypersensitivity to any component of this product

Known or suspected carcinoma of the breast.

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

Mirena Clinical Pharmacology

 

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Mechanism of Action

The local mechanism by which continuously released levonorgestrel enhances contraceptive effectiveness of Mirena has not been conclusively demonstrated. Studies of Mirena prototypes have suggested several mechanisms that prevent pregnancy: thickening of cervical mucus preventing passage of sperm into the uterus, inhibition of sperm capacitation or survival, and alteration of the endometrium.

Pharmacodynamics

Mirena has mainly local progestogenic effects in the uterine cavity. The high local levels of levonorgestrel1 lead to morphological changes including stromal pseudodecidualization, glandular atrophy, a leukocytic infiltration and a decrease in glandular and stromal mitoses.

Ovulation is inhibited in some women using Mirena. In a 1-year study approximately 45% of menstrual cycles were ovulatory and in another study after 4 years 75% of cycles were ovulatory.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Low doses of levonorgestrel are administered into the uterine cavity with the Mirena intrauterine delivery system. Initially, levonorgestrel is released at a rate of approximately 20 mcg/day. This rate decreases progressively to half that value after 5 years. A stable serum concentration, without peaks and troughs, of levonorgestrel of 150–200 pg/mL occurs after the first few weeks following insertion of Mirena. Levonorgestrel concentrations after long-term use of 12, 24, and 60 months were 180±66 pg/mL, 192±140 pg/mL, and 159±59 pg/mL, respectively.

Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution of levonorgestrel is reported to be approximately 1.8 L/kg. It is about 97.5 to 99% protein-bound, principally to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and, to a lesser extent, serum albumin.

Metabolism

Following absorption, levonorgestrel is conjugated at the 17β-OH position to form sulfate conjugates and, to a lesser extent, glucuronide conjugates in serum. Significant amounts of conjugated and unconjugated 3α, 5β-tetrahydrolevonorgestrel are also present in serum, along with much smaller amounts of 3α, 5α-tetrahydrolevonorgestrel and 16βhydroxylevonorgestrel. Levonorgestrel and its phase I metabolites are excreted primarily as glucuronide conjugates. Metabolic clearance rates may differ among individuals by several-fold, and this may account in part for wide individual variations in levonorgestrel concentrations seen in individuals using levonorgestrel–containing contraceptive products.

Excretion

About 45% of levonorgestrel and its metabolites are excreted in the urine and about 32% are excreted in feces, mostly as glucuronide conjugates. The elimination half-life of levonorgestrel after daily oral doses is approximately 17 hours.

Specific Populations

Pediatric: Safety and efficacy of Mirena have been established in women of reproductive age. Use of this product before menarche is not indicated.

Geriatric: Mirena has not been studied in women over age 65 and is not currently approved for use in this population.

Race: No studies have evaluated the effect of race on pharmacokinetics of Mirena.

Hepatic Impairment: No studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of hepatic disease on the disposition of Mirena.

Renal Impairment: No formal studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of renal disease on the disposition of Mirena.

Drug-Drug Interactions

No drug-drug interaction studies were conducted with Mirena [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Clinical Studies

Clinical Trials on Intrauterine Contraception

Mirena has been studied for safety and efficacy in two large clinical trials in Finland and Sweden. In study sites having verifiable data and informed consent, 1,169 women 18 to 35 years of age at enrollment used Mirena for up to 5 years, for a total of 45,000 women-months of exposure. Subjects had previously been pregnant, had no history of ectopic pregnancy, had no history of pelvic inflammatory disease over the preceding 12 months, were predominantly Caucasian, and over 70% of the participants had previously used IUDs (intrauterine devices). The reported 12-month pregnancy rates were less than or equal to 0.2 per 100 women (0.2%) and the cumulative 5-year pregnancy rate was approximately 0.7 per 100 women (0.7%).

About 80% of women wishing to become pregnant conceived within 12 months after removal of Mirena.

Clinical Trial on Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

The efficacy of Mirena in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding was studied in a randomized, open-label, active-control, parallel-group trial comparing Mirena (n=79) to an approved therapy, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) (n=81), over 6 cycles. The subjects included reproductive-aged women in good health, with no contraindications to the drug products and with confirmed heavy menstrual bleeding ( ≥ 80 mL menstrual blood loss [MBL]) determined using the alkaline hematin method). Excluded were women with organic or systemic conditions that may cause heavy uterine bleeding (except small fibroids, with total volume not > 5 mL). Treatment with Mirena showed a statistically significantly greater reduction in MBL (see Figure 10) and a statistically significantly greater number of subjects with successful treatment (see Figure 11). Successful treatment was defined as proportion of subjects with (1) end-of-study MBL < 80 mL and (2) a ≥ 50% decrease in MBL from baseline to end-of-study.

Figure 10 : Median Menstrual Blood Loss (MBL) by Time and Treatment

Figure 11: Proportion of Subjects with Successful Treatment

REFERENCES

1Nilsson CG, Haukkamaa M, Vierola H, Luukkainen T. Tissue Concentrations of Levonorgestrel in Women Using a Levonorgestrel-releasing IUD. Clinical Endocrinol 1982;17:529-536.

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

Mirena Medication Guide

 

PATIENT INFORMATION

Mirena®
(Mur-a-nah)
(levonorgestrel-releasing) Intrauterine System

Mirena does not protect against HIV infection (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Read this Patient Information carefully before you decide if Mirena is right for you. This information does not take the place of talking with your gynecologist or other healthcare provider who specializes in women’s health. If you have any questions about Mirena, ask your healthcare provider. You should also learn about other birth control methods to choose the one that is best for you.

What is Mirena?

Mirena is a hormone-releasing system placed in your uterus to prevent pregnancy for up to 5 years.

Mirena can also lessen menstrual blood loss in women who have heavy menstrual flow and who also want to use a birth control method that is placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy.

Mirena is recommended for women who have had at least one child.

Mirena is T-shaped. It is made of flexible plastic and contains a progestin hormone called levonorgestrel that is often used in birth control pills. Mirena does not contain estrogen. Mirena releases the hormone into the uterus. Only small amounts of the hormone enter your blood.

Two threads are attached to the stem of Mirena. The threads are the only part of Mirena you can feel when Mirena is in your uterus.

Mirena is small and flexible

What if I need birth control for more than 5 years?

Mirena must be removed after 5 years. Your healthcare provider can insert a new Mirena during the same office visit if you choose to continue using Mirena.

What if I change my mind about birth control and want to become pregnant in less than 5 years?

Your healthcare provider can remove Mirena at any time. You may become pregnant as soon as Mirena is removed. About 8 out of 10 women who want to become pregnant will become pregnant some time in the first year after Mirena is removed.

How does Mirena work?

It is not known exactly how Mirena works. Mirena may work in several ways. It may thicken your cervical mucus, thin the lining of your uterus, inhibit sperm movement and reduce sperm survival. Mirena may stop release of your egg from your ovary, but this is not the way it works in most cases. Most likely, these actions work together to prevent pregnancy. Mirena can cause your menstrual bleeding to be less by thinning the lining of the uterus.

How well does Mirena work for contraception?

The following chart shows the chance of getting pregnant for women who use different methods of birth control. Each box on the chart contains a list of birth control methods that are similar in effectiveness. The most effective methods are in the box at the top of the chart. Mirena, an intrauterine device, is in the box at the top of the chart. The box on the bottom of the chart shows the chance of getting pregnant for women who do not use birth control and are trying to get pregnant.

How well does Mirena work for heavy menstrual bleeding?

In the clinical trial performed in women with heavy menstrual bleeding and treated with Mirena, almost 9 out of 10 were treated successfully and their blood loss was reduced by more than half.

Who might use Mirena?

You might choose Mirena if you:

Want birth control that provides a low chance of getting pregnant (less than 1 in 100)

Want birth control that is reversible

Want a birth control method that does not require taking it daily

Have had at least one child

Want treatment for heavy periods and want to use a birth control method that is placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy

Who should not use Mirena?

Do not use Mirena if you:

Might be pregnant

Have had a serious pelvic infection called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) unless you have had a normal pregnancy after the infection went away

Have an untreated pelvic infection now

Have had a serious pelvic infection in the past 3 months after a pregnancy

Can get infections easily. For example, if you have:

More than one sexual partner or your partner has more than one partner

Problems with your immune system

Intravenous drug abuse.

Have or suspect you might have cancer of the uterus or cervix

Have bleeding from the vagina that has not been explained

Have liver disease or liver tumor

Have breast cancer now or in the past or suspect you have breast cancer

Have an intrauterine device in your uterus already

Have a condition of the uterus that changes the shape of the uterine cavity, such as large fibroid tumors

Are allergic to levonorgestrel, silicone, or polyethylene

Before having Mirena placed, tell your healthcare provider if you:

Have had a heart attack

Have had a stroke

Were born with heart disease or have problems with your heart valves

Have problems with blood clotting or take medicine to reduce clotting

Have high blood pressure

Recently had a baby or if you are breast feeding

Have diabetes (high blood sugar)

Use corticosteroid medications on a long-term basis

Have severe migraine headaches

How is Mirena placed?

First, your healthcare provider will examine your pelvis to find the exact position of your uterus. Your healthcare provider will then clean your vagina and cervix with an antiseptic solution, and slide a thin plastic tube containing Mirena into your uterus. Your healthcare provider will then remove the plastic tube, and leave Mirena in your uterus. Your healthcare provider will cut the threads to the right length. Placement takes only a few minutes during an office visit.

You may experience pain, bleeding or dizziness during and after placement. If these symptoms do not pass 30 minutes after placement, Mirena may not have been placed correctly. Your healthcare provider will examine you to see if Mirena needs to be removed or replaced.

Should I check that Mirena is in the proper position?

Yes, you should check that Mirena is in proper position by feeling the removal threads. You should do this after each menstrual period. First, wash your hands with soap and water. Feel for the threads at the top of your vagina with your clean fingers. The threads are the only part of Mirena you should feel when Mirena is in your uterus. Be careful not to pull on the threads. If you feel more than just the threads, Mirena is not in the right position and may not prevent pregnancy. Call your healthcare provider to have it removed. If you cannot feel the threads at all, ask your healthcare provider to check that Mirena is still in the right place. In either case, use a non-hormonal birth control method (such as condoms or spermicide) until otherwise advised by your healthcare provider.

How soon after placement of Mirena should I return to my healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns (see “When should I call my healthcare provider”). Otherwise, you should return to your healthcare provider for a follow-up visit 4 to 12 weeks after Mirena is placed to make sure that Mirena is in the right position.

Can I use tampons with Mirena?

Tampons may be used with Mirena.

What if I become pregnant while using Mirena?

Call your healthcare provider right away if you think you are pregnant. If you get pregnant while using Mirena, you may have an ectopic pregnancy. This means that the pregnancy is not in the uterus. Unusual vaginal bleeding or abdominal pain may be a sign of ectopic pregnancy.

Ectopic pregnancy is a medical emergency that often requires surgery. Ectopic pregnancy can cause internal bleeding, infertility, and even death.

There are also risks if you get pregnant while using Mirena and the pregnancy is in the uterus. Severe infection, miscarriage, premature delivery, and even death can occur with pregnancies that continue with an intrauterine device (IUD). Because of this, your healthcare provider may try to remove Mirena, even though removing it may cause a miscarriage. If Mirena cannot be removed, talk with your healthcare provider about the benefits and risks of continuing the pregnancy.

If you continue your pregnancy, see your healthcare provider regularly. Call your healthcare provider right away if you get flu-like symptoms, fever, chills, cramping, pain, bleeding, vaginal discharge, or fluid leaking from your vagina. These may be signs of infection.

It is not known if Mirena can cause long-term effects on the fetus if it stays in place during a pregnancy.

How will Mirena change my periods?

For the first 3 to 6 months, your monthly period may become irregular and the number of bleeding days may increase at first. You may also have frequent spotting or light bleeding. A few women have heavy bleeding during this time. After your body adjusts, the number of bleeding days is likely to lessen, and you may even find that your periods stop altogether.

In some women with heavy bleeding, the total blood loss per cycle progressively decreases with continued use. The number of spotting and bleeding days may initially increase but then typically decreases in the months that follow.

Is it safe to breast-feed while using Mirena?

You may use Mirena when you are breastfeeding if more than six weeks have passed since you had your baby. If you are breastfeeding, Mirena is not likely to affect the quality or amount of your breast milk or the health of your nursing baby. However, isolated cases of decreased milk production have been reported among women using progestin-only birth control pills.

Will Mirena interfere with sexual intercourse?

You and your partner should not feel Mirena during intercourse. Mirena is placed in the uterus, not in the vagina. Sometimes male partners feel the threads.

What are the possible side effects of using Mirena?

Mirena can cause serious side effects including:

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some IUD users get a serious pelvic infection called pelvic inflammatory disease. PID is usually sexually transmitted. You have a higher chance of getting PID if you or your partner have sex with other partners. PID can cause serious problems such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy or pelvic pain that does not go away. PID is usually treated with antibiotics. More serious cases of PID may require surgery. A hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) is sometimes needed. In rare cases, infections that start as PID can even cause death.

Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any of these signs of PID: long-lasting or heavy bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge, low abdominal (stomach area) pain, painful sex, chills, or fever.

Life-threatening infection. Life-threatening infection can occur within the first few days after Mirena is placed. Call your healthcare provider if you develop severe pain within a few hours after Mirena is placed.

Embedment. Mirena may become attached to the uterine wall. This is called embedment. If embedment happens, Mirena may no longer prevent pregnancy and you may need surgery to have it removed.

Perforation. Mirena may go through the uterus. This is called perforation. If your uterus is perforated, Mirena may no longer prevent pregnancy. It may move outside the uterus and can cause internal scarring, infection, or damage to other organs, and you may need surgery to have Mirena removed.

Common side effects of Mirena include:

Pain, bleeding or dizziness during and after placement. If these symptoms do not stop 30 minutes after placement, Mirena may not have been placed correctly. Your healthcare provider will examine you to see if Mirena needs to be removed or replaced.

Expulsion. Mirena may come out by itself. This is called expulsion. You may become pregnant if Mirena comes out. If you notice that Mirena has come out, use a backup birth control method like condoms and call your healthcare provider.

Missed menstrual periods. About 2 out of 10 women stop having periods after 1 year of Mirena use. If you do not have a period for 6 weeks during Mirena use, call your healthcare provider. When Mirena is removed, your menstrual periods will come back.

Changes in bleeding. You may have bleeding and spotting between menstrual periods, especially during the first 3 to 6 months. Sometimes the bleeding is heavier than usual at first. However, the bleeding usually becomes lighter than usual and may be irregular. Call your healthcare provider if the bleeding remains heavier than usual or if the bleeding becomes heavy after it has been light for a while.

Cyst on the ovary. About 12 out of 100 women using Mirena develop a cyst on the ovary. These cysts usually disappear on their own in a month or two. However, cysts can cause pain and sometimes cysts will need surgery.

This is not a complete list of possible side effects with Mirena. For more information, ask your healthcare provider.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the manufacturer at 1-888-842-2937, or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

After Mirena has been placed, when should I call my healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider if you have any concerns about Mirena. Be sure to call if you:

Think you are pregnant.

Have pelvic pain or pain during sex.

Have unusual vaginal discharge or genital sores.

Have unexplained fever.

Might be exposed to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Cannot feel Mirena ‘s threads.

Develop very severe or migraine headaches.

Have yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes. These may be signs of liver problems.

Have a stroke or heart attack.

Or your partner becomes HIV positive.

Have severe vaginal bleeding or bleeding that lasts a long time.

General advice about prescription medicines

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for conditions that are not mentioned in patient information leaflets. This leaflet summarizes the most important information about Mirena. If you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider for information about Mirena that is written for health providers.

This patient information booklet was updated October 2009.

Fill out the following checklist. Your answers will help you and your healthcare provider decide if Mirena is a good choice for you.

Do you have any of these conditions?

	Yes	No	Don’t know-will discuss with my healthcare provider
Abnormalities of the uterus
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Anemia or blood clotting problems
Bleeding between periods
Cancer of the uterus or cervix
History of other types of cancer
Steroid therapy (for example, prednisone)
Possible pregnancy
Diabetes
Ectopic pregnancy in the past
Fainting attacks
Genital sores
Heart disease
Heart murmur
Heavy menstrual flow
Hepatitis or other liver disease
Infection of the uterus or cervix
IUD in place now or in the past
IV drug abuse now or in the past
Leukemia
More than one sexual partner
A sexual partner who has more than one sexual partner
Pelvic infection
Abortion or miscarriage in the past 2 months
Pregnancy in the past 2 months
Severe menstrual cramps
Severe Headache
Sexually transmitted disease (STD), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia
Stroke
Abnormal Pap smear
Unexplained genital bleeding
Uterine or pelvic surgery
Vaginal discharge or infection
HIV infection
Breastfeeding
High blood pressure

Last reviewed on RxList: 10/28/2009

 

Mirena Consumer

IMPORTANT NOTE: This is a summary and does not contain all possible information about this product. For complete information about this product or your specific health needs, ask your health care professional. Always seek the advice of your health care professional if you have any questions about this product or your medical condition. This information is not intended as individual medical advice and does not substitute for the knowledge and judgment of your health care professional. This information does not contain any assurances that this product is safe, effective, or appropriate for you.

LEVONORGESTREL-RELEASING IMPLANT – INTRAUTERINE

(lee-voh-nor-JEST-rell)

COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Mirena

USES: This product is a small, flexible device that is placed in the womb (uterus) to prevent pregnancy. It is used in women who desire reversible birth control that works for a long time (up to 5 years). The device works by slowly releasing a hormone (levonorgestrel) that is similar to a certain substance made by a woman&apos;s body.

This product is only intended for women who have previously given birth and have only one sexual partner. It is not meant for women with a history of certain infections/conditions (e.g., pelvic inflammatory disease, sexually transmitted disease, a certain problem pregnancy called ectopic pregnancy). For more information, consult your doctor.

The use of this medication device does not protect you or your partner against sexually transmitted diseases (e.g., HIV, gonorrhea).

Carefully read all of the information provided by your doctor, and ask any questions you may have about this product or other birth control methods that may be right for you.

HOW TO USE: Read the Patient Information Leaflet provided by your pharmacist before this medication device is inserted and each time it is re-inserted. The leaflet contains very important information about side effects and when it is important to call your doctor. If you have any questions, consult your doctor or pharmacist.

This product is inserted into your uterus by a properly trained health care professional, usually once every 5 years or as determined by your doctor. The medication in the device is slowly released into the body over a 5-year period.

If you still desire birth control after 5 years, the medication device may be replaced with a new one. The medication device may also be removed at any time by a properly trained health care professional.

Learn all the instructions on how and when to check this product and its proper positioning in your body, and make sure you understand the problems that may occur with this product. See also Precautions section.

 

Mirena Consumer (continued)

SIDE EFFECTS: Irregular vaginal bleeding (e.g., spotting), cramps, headache, nausea, breast pain, acne, rash, hair loss, weight gain, or decreased interest in sex may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor promptly.

Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication device because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication device do not have serious side effects.

Tell your doctor immediately if any of these serious side effects occur: lack of menstrual period, unexplained fever, chills, trouble breathing, mental/mood changes (e.g., depression, nervousness), vaginal swelling/itching, painful intercourse.

Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: migraine/severe headache, vomiting, tiredness, fast/pounding heartbeat.

Tell your doctor immediately if any of these highly unlikely but very serious side effects occur: prolonged or heavy vaginal bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge/odor, vaginal sores, abdominal/pelvic pain or tenderness, lumps in the breast, yellowing eyes/skin, dark urine, persistent nausea, trouble urinating.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, seek immediate medical attention if you notice any of the following symptoms of a serious allergic reaction: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

In the US –

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

In Canada – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

PRECAUTIONS: Before using this medication device, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to levonorgestrel, or to any other progestins (e.g., norethindrone, desogestrel); or if you have any other allergies.

This medication device should not be used if you have certain medical conditions. Before using this product, consult your doctor or pharmacist if you have: current known or suspected pregnancy, previous ectopic pregnancy, uterus problems (e.g., cancer, endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease-PID), other IUD (intrauterine device) still in place, vaginal problems (e.g., infection), breast cancer, liver disease/tumors, any condition that affects your immune system (e.g., AIDS, leukemia).

Before using this product, tell your doctor your medical history, especially of: bleeding problems (e.g., menstrual changes, clotting problems), heart problems (e.g., congenital valve conditions), high blood pressure, migraine headaches, stroke, diabetes.

If you have diabetes, this medication may make it harder to control your blood sugar levels. Monitor your blood sugar regularly as directed by your doctor. Tell your doctor the results and any symptoms such as increased thirst/urination. Your anti-diabetic medication or diet may need to be adjusted.

This medication device may sometimes come out by itself or move out of place. This may result in unwanted pregnancy or other problems. After each menstrual period, check to make sure it is in the right place. Talk to your doctor about how to check your device. If it comes out or you cannot feel its threads, call your doctor promptly, and use a backup birth control method such as condoms.

If you or partner has any other sexual partners, this medication device may no longer be a good choice for pregnancy prevention. If you or your partner becomes HIV positive, or if you think you may have been exposed to any sexually transmitted disease, contact your doctor immediately. You should consider having this device removed.

This medication device must not be used during pregnancy. If you become pregnant or think you may be pregnant, tell your doctor immediately. If you have just given birth and are not breast-feeding, or if you have had a pregnancy loss or abortion after the 3 months of pregnancy, wait at least 6 weeks (or as directed by your doctor) before using this medication device. Consult your doctor about the problems that may occur during pregnancy while using this product.

Levonorgestrel passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

 

Mirena Consumer (continued)

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Your doctor or pharmacist may already be aware of any possible drug interactions and may be monitoring you for them. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with them first.

Before using this medication device, tell your doctor of all prescription and nonprescription medications you may use, especially of: “blood thinners” (e.g., warfarin), birth control taken by mouth or applied to the skin (patch), certain drug used for varicose vein treatment (sodium tetradecyl sulfate), drugs that affect your immune response (e.g., corticosteroids such as prednisone).

This document does not contain all possible interactions. Therefore, before using this product, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the products you use. Keep a list of all your medications with you, and share the list with your doctor and pharmacist.

OVERDOSE: Overdose with this medication is very unlikely because of the way the drug is released from this device. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

NOTES: Do not share this medication with others.

Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. You should have regular complete physical exams including blood pressure, breast exam, pelvic exam, and screening for cervical cancer (Pap smear). Follow your doctor&apos;s instructions for examining your own breasts, and report any lumps immediately. Consult your doctor for more details.

MISSED DOSE: Not applicable.

STORAGE: Before use, store at room temperature at 77 degrees F (25 degrees C) away from light and moisture. Brief storage between 59-86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C) is permitted. Keep all medications and medical devices away from children and pets.

Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product.

 

STORAGE: Before use, store at room temperature at 77 degrees F (25 degrees C) away from light and moisture. Brief storage between 59-86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C) is permitted. Keep all medications and medical devices away from children and pets.

Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product.