Biological engineering 2

Biological engineering, biotechnological engineering or bioengineering (including biological systems engineering) is the application of engineering principles to address challenges in the life sciences which includes fields of biology, ecology, and medicine. Biological engineering is a science based discipline founded upon the biological sciences in the same way that chemical engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering are based upon chemistry, electricity and magnetism, and statics, respectively. ^[1]

Biological Engineering can be differentiated from its roots of pure biology or classical engineering in the following way. Biological studies often follow a reductionist approach in viewing a system on its smallest possible scale which naturally leads toward tools such as functional genomics. Engineering approaches, using classical design perspectives, are constructionist, building new devices, approaches, and technologies from component concepts. Biological engineering utilizes both of these methods in concert relying on reductionist approaches to define the fundamental units which are then commingled to generate something new. ^[2] Although engineered biological systems have been used to manipulate information, construct materials, process chemicals, produce energy, provide food, and help maintain or enhance human health and our environment, our ability to quickly and reliably engineer biological systems that behave as expected remains less well developed than our mastery over mechanical and electrical systems. ^[3]

The differentiation between Biological Engineering and overlap with Biomedical Engineering can be unclear, as many universities now use the terms “bioengineering” and “biomedical engineering” interchangeably ^[4]. Some contend that Biological Engineering (like biotechnology) has a broader base which spans molecular methods (tends to emphasize the using of biological substances – applying engineering principles to molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, pharmacology, protein chemistry, cytology, immunology, neurobiology and neuroscience, cellular and tissue based methods (including devices and sensors), whole organisms (plants, animals), and up increasing length scales to ecosystems. Neither biological engineering nor biomedical engineering is wholly contained within the other, as there are non-biological products for medical needs and biological products for non-medical needs.

ABET ^[5], the U.S. based accreditation board for engineering B.S. programs, makes a distinction between Biomedical Engineering and Biological Engineering; however, the differences are quite small. Biomedical engineers must have life science courses that include human physiology and have experience in performing measurements on living systems while biological engineers must have life science courses (which may or may not include physiology) and experience in making measurements not specifically on living systems. Foundational engineering courses are often the same and include thermodynamics, fluid and mechanical dynamics, kinetics, electronics, and materials properties. ^{[6] [7]}

The word bioengineering was coined by British scientist and broadcaster Heinz Wolff in 1954. ^[8] The term bioengineering is also used to describe the use of vegetation in civil engineering construction. The term bioengineering may also be applied to environmental modifications such as surface soil protection, slope stabilisation, watercourse and shoreline protection, windbreaks, vegetation barriers including noise barriers and visual screens, and the ecological enhancement of an area. The first biological engineering program was created at Mississippi State University in 1967, making it the first Biological Engineering curriculum in the United States.^[9] More recent programs have been launched at MIT ^[10] and Utah State University ^[11].

Biological Engineers or bioengineers are engineers who use the principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible products. Biological Engineering employs knowledge and expertise from a number of pure and applied sciences, such as mass and heat transfer, kinetics, biocatalysts, biomechanics, bioinformatics, separation and purification processes, bioreactor design, surface science, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and polymer science. It is used in the design of medical devices, diagnostic equipment, biocompatible materials, renewable bioenergy, ecological engineering, and other areas that improve the living standards of societies.

In general, biological engineers attempt to either mimic biological systems in order to create products or modify and control biological systems so that they can replace, augment, or sustain chemical and mechanical processes. Bioengineers can apply their expertise to other applications of engineering and biotechnology, including genetic modification of plants and microorganisms, bioprocess engineering, and biocatalysis.

Because other engineering disciplines also address living organisms (e.g., prosthetics in mechanical engineering), the term biological engineering can be applied more broadly to include agricultural engineering and biotechnology. In fact, many old agricultural engineering departments in universities over the world have rebranded themselves as agricultural and biological engineering or agricultural and biosystems engineering. Biological engineering is also called bioengineering by some colleges and Biomedical engineering is called Bioengineering by others, and is a rapidly developing field with fluid categorization. The Main Fields of Bioengineering may be categorised as:

• Bioprocess Engineering: Bioprocess Design, Biocatalysis, Bioseparation, Bioinformatics, Bioenergy
• Genetic Engineering: Synthetic Biology, Horizontal gene transfer.
• Cellular Engineering: Cell Engineering, Tissue Culture Engineering, Metabolic Engineering.
• Biomedical Engineering: Biomedical technology, Biomedical Diagnostics, Biomedical Therapy, Biomechanics, Biomaterials.